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anatomy - GIT 1 > thorax > Flashcards

thorax Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the thorax include?

A

sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, structures they enclose

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2
Q

what structures are at the top and bottom of the thorax?

A

superior thoracic aperture and inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

the thorax is split into 3 compartments, what are they?

A

left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and mediastinum

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4
Q

what is the bone running down the centre of the chest called?

A

the sternum

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5
Q

what does the sternum contain?

A

manibrium, sternum, xiphoid process

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6
Q

what holds the chest together?

A

costal cartilage

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7
Q

what is the large dip between the neck and collar bone known as?

A

jugular notch

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8
Q

what are ribs 1-7 classified as?

A

true ribs

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9
Q

what are ribs 8-10 classified as?

A

false ribs

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10
Q

what are ribs 11-12 classified as?

A

floating ribs

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11
Q

what is the main function of ribs?

A

respiration

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12
Q

what is the name for the central compartment t of the thoracic cavity (excluding lungs)?

A

mediastinum

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13
Q

the mediastinum is sub categorised into 2 sections, what are these?

A

superior and inferior mediastinum

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14
Q

the inferior mediastinum is sub categorised into 3 sections, what are these?

A

anterior, middle and posterior

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15
Q

what structures are contained within the superior mediastinum?

A

great vessels, phrenic and vagus nerves, sympathetic trunk, part of thymus

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16
Q

what structures are contained within the anterior mediastinum?

A

fat and some thymus

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17
Q

what structures are contained within the middle mediastinum?

A

heart

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18
Q

what structures are contained within the posterior mediastinum?

A

descending thoracic aorta, hemiazygous veins, thoracic duct, oesophagus, vagus and splanchnic nerves

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19
Q

what is the 1st branch of the aorta?

A

coronary arteries

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20
Q

what do the left and right brachiocephalic veins do?

A

return blood to superior vena cava

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21
Q

what does the brachiocephalic artery divide into?

A

carotid and subclavian arteries

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22
Q

which vein drains head and neck?

A

internal jugular vein

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23
Q

which arteries supply the arms?

A

subclavian

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24
Q

which vein drains pulmonary trunk and breast tissue?

A

internal thoracic vein

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25
Q

which structure surround the heart and holds everything in place?

A

pericardium

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26
Q

the vagus nerve branches in the thorax, where does the left branch supply?

A

gut

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27
Q

what does the trachea divide into?

A

2 principle bronchi

28
Q

where do the diaphragm muscle fibres arise from and converge towards?

A

arise radially from the costal margin and converge to insert into central tendon

29
Q

the muscle of the diaphragm us higher on what side and why?

A

right - position of liver beneath

30
Q

which type of muscle does the diaphragm consist of?

A

skeletal

31
Q

which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

phrenic (cervival nerve 3, 4 and 5)

32
Q

what happens to the diaphragm muscle during inspiration?

A

muscle flattens to increase capacity of thoracic cavity

33
Q

what happens to the diaphragm muscle during expiration?

A

diaphragm returns to dome shape

34
Q

fold in the diaphragm enclose what?

A

oesophagus and inferior vena cava

35
Q

what happens to intra-abdominal pressure during contraction?

A

increased

36
Q

what happens to thoracic pressure during contraction?

A

decreased

37
Q

what does the thoracic cage consist of ?

A

12 ribs, manibrium, sternum and xiphoid process

38
Q

what structure is used for palpitations of trachea to assess position?

A

jugular notch

39
Q

where is the manubriosternal joint?

A

2nd rib

40
Q

internal thoracic arteries are used for what clinical procedure?

A

coronary artery bypass

41
Q

what is the function of connective tissue in the mediastinum?

A

allow cushioning and small degree of movement

42
Q

why are there no valves in the vena cava?

A

blood falls in the direction of gravity

43
Q

how many valves are in the aortic valve

A

3

44
Q

where is the aortic sinus?

A

above aortic valve

45
Q

what do coronary arteries arise from?

A

aortic sinus

46
Q

when do aortic valves close?

A

ventricular diastole

47
Q

what may the right av valve and left av valve be known as?

A

right - tricuspid valves

left - bicuspid

48
Q

when do tricuspid valves close?

A

ventricular systole

49
Q

what are valves kept in place by?

A

chordae tendinae holding valves vie papillary muscles

50
Q

what is the name for an abnormal heart sound?

A

murmur

51
Q

how many coronary arteries are there?

A

2

52
Q

what is unique about coronary arteries?

A

they are end arteries

53
Q

what would occur if coronary arteries were completely occluded?

A

myocardial infarction

54
Q

what is the function of coronary arteries?

A

supply heart with oxygenated blood

55
Q

how much bigger is the left ventricle compared to the the right?

A

3x

56
Q

what kind of artery is the aorta?

A

elastic

57
Q

what is the name for the prominence of the aorta as it changes direction in the chest?

A

aortic knuckle

58
Q

why does the aorta not collapse during ventricular systole?

A

elastic recoil

59
Q

what branches of the aorta pass into the neck?

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common artery and left subclavian artery

60
Q

what kind of innervation does the phrenic nerve provide to the diaphragm?

A

muscular - diaphragm

sensory - fibrous pericardium and peritoneum

61
Q

what is the function of the arterial system?

A

deliver oxygenated blood round body

62
Q

what are the 3 main types of vessel in arterial system?

A

elastic, muscular and arterioles

63
Q

give examples of elastic arteries?

A

aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary

64
Q

give examples of muscular arteries?

A

radial femoral, coronary, cerebral

65
Q

what is the function of the venous system?

A

collecting system

66
Q

what is the structural difference of veins compared to arteries?

A

veins have less elastic and muscle in their walls

anatomy - GIT 1 (12 decks)

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