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anatomy - GIT 1 > control of alimentary system > Flashcards

control of alimentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

what controls the alimentary system?

A

nerves and hormones

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2
Q

which 2 types of nerves control the alimentary system?

A

somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

which 2 types of somatic nerves control the alimentary system?

A

sensory and motor

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4
Q

which 2 types of autonomic nerves control the alimentary system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

give examples of somatic control of the alimentary system

A

eating, doing toilet, mastication

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6
Q

what influence does the sympathetic NS have on the alimentary system?

A

directs blood away from gut towards essential organs

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7
Q

what influence does the parasympathetic NS have on the alimentary system?

A

kicks in when we rest, stimulates gut motility

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8
Q

which hormones control the GIT?

A

cholrcystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), secretin

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9
Q

what is the function of cholecystokinin?

A

bile sack mover, stimulates production of bile to digest fat

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10
Q

where is gastrin produced? and what cells produce it?

A

produced by G cells in the stomach

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11
Q

what is the function of gastrin?

A

activates parietal cells which produce HCl

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12
Q

when is gastro inhibitory peptide (GIP) produced?

A

in response to insulin regulation

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13
Q

which structure releases secretin into the bloodstream?

A

duodenum

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14
Q

what is the function of secretin?

A

reduces gastrin secretions and neutralises acid coming from the duodenum

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15
Q

which type of nervous control is most active at the top (mouth) and bottom (anal canal) of the GIT?

A

somatic

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16
Q

which nervous control is most active at the middle of the GIT?

A

autonomic

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17
Q

At which structures in the GIT do most hormones work?

A

stomach and small intestine

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18
Q

what is the function of the mouth and pharynx?

A

secretion - saliva

motility - chewing and swallowing

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19
Q

secretary control of saliva is completely neural via which nerves?

A

cranial

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20
Q

which two stimuli stimulate saliva production?

A

chemical and mechanical

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21
Q

which chemical stimuli stimulate saliva production?

A

gustation and olfaction

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22
Q

which cranial nerves are responsible for gustation?

A

CN VII, IX

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23
Q

which cranial nerves are responsible for olfaction?

A

CN I

24
Q

which 2 mechanical stimuli stimulate saliva production?

A

chewing and psychic

25
Q

which cranial nerve is responsible for chewing?

A

CN V

26
Q

which salivary stimuli has the greatest strength?

A

chemical

27
Q

which muscles are involved in chewing?

A

jaw, facial, and tongue

28
Q

which muscles are involved in swallowing?

A

jaw, tongue, pharyngeal

29
Q

what does the ‘swallowing centre’ contain?

A

brain, nerves and muscles

30
Q

which types of muscle are in the oesophagus?

A

smooth and skeletal

31
Q

which secretion does the stomach produce?

A

gastric juice

32
Q

state the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal hase

33
Q

what stimulates cephalic phase of gastric activity?

A

mechanical - chewing
chemical - taste, smell
psychic - visual, emotional

34
Q

what stimulates gastric phase of gastric activity?

A

mechanical - distension

chemical - food in stomach

35
Q

what stimulates intestinal phase of gastric activity?

A

mechanical - distension

chemical - acid or protein in duodenum

36
Q

what controls cephalic phase of the gastric cycle?

A

nerves (long)

37
Q

what controls gastric phase of the gastric cycle?

A

nerves (long and short) and hormones (gastrin)

38
Q

what controls intestinal phase of the gastric cycle?

A

nerves (long and short) and hormones (GIP and secretin)

39
Q

describe what happens during cephalic phase of the gastric cycle?

A

. taste, smell, though or sensation of food sends impulses to medulla oblongota of brain
. these impulses cause PNS neutrons via vagus nerves to stimulate secretion of HCl, pepsin and gastrin

40
Q

describe what happens during gastric phase of the gastric cycle?

A

. food enters and distends stomach, activating PNS reflex via vagus nerves
. this reflex results in continued secretion of HCl and pepsin

41
Q

describe what happens during intestinal phase of the gastric cycle?

A

. chyme enters duodenum, low pH and lipids I’m chyme stimulate PNS neurons in vagal nerves to inhibit gastric secretion, local reflexes that decrease gastric secretion are also stimulated
. release of hormones which travel in blood to gastric glands inhibiting their secretion are stimulated

42
Q

what does the small intestine secrete?

A

intestinal juices (bile, pancreatic juice, chyme)

43
Q

in which way does the small intestine carry out motility?

A

mixing, segmentation contractions, peristalsis and villus movement

44
Q

what controls the small intestine?

A

local nerves in response to intra-luminal stimuli (distension)

45
Q

during which stage of gastric activity is most of the pancreatic juice produced?

A

intestinal phase

46
Q

which hormone is the main stimulator of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?

A

CCK

47
Q

which hormone is the main stimulator of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice?

A

secretin

48
Q

where is secretin produced and what triggers its production?

A

released from duodenum in response to acid

49
Q

what is the function of the bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?

A

makes pancreatic juice highly alkaline in order to neutralise acid

50
Q

where is CCK produced and what triggers its production?

A

produced from duodenum in response to fat

51
Q

in what way does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion stimulate the production of bile?

A

the vagus nerve causes relaxation of the sphincter of oddi (allowing secretions to enter duodenum)

52
Q

in what way does the intestinal phase of gastric secretion stimulate the production of bile?

A

. CCK is released from duodenum in response to fat/protein, this stimulates contraction of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi

53
Q

what secretions does the large intestine and rectum produce?

A

mucus, water and electrolytes

54
Q

in what way does the large intestine and rectum carry out motility?

A

mixing, mass movement and defeacation

55
Q

name the 3 extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract

A

long reflexes, gastro-ileac reflex, gastro-colic reflex

56
Q

what is the function of long nerves in the anal canal?

A

allow us to decide when to go to the toilet

57
Q

what is the function of local nerves in the anal canal?

A

tell us we need the toilet

anatomy - GIT 1 (12 decks)

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