Thorax 3 (Megan) Flashcards
Changes, such as branching of the _______ ducts, occur in the breast tissues during menstrual periods and pregnancy.
lactiferous
Although __________ are prepared for secretion by mid-pregnancy, they do not produce milk until shortly after the baby is born.
mammary glands
A creamy white to yellowish premilk fluid that may secrete from the nipples during the last trimester of pregnancy and during initial episodes of nursing.
Colostrum
Colostrum is believed to be especially rich in _______, immune agents, and a growth factor affecting the infant’s intestines.
protein
In ___ women, the breasts often become large and pendulous.
multiparous
The breasts in elderly women are usually small because of the decrease in fat and the atrophy of _______ tissue.
glandular
For the anatomical location and description of tumors and cysts, the surface of the breast is divided into four quadrants:
Superior lateral, superior medial, Inferior lateral, inferior medial
The ___ breast is more affected breast for cancer compared to the ____ breast because it is usually larger and is composed of more granular tissue.
Left, right
What quadrant of the breast has the greatest percentage of cancer?
Superior lateral
The arterial supply of the breast derives from the:
- Medial mammary branches of perforating branches - Anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery - Lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries - Posterior intercostal arteries
Medial mammary branches of perforating branches and anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery originate from the ___________ artery.
subclavian
Lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries are branches of the ______ artery
axillary
Posterior intercostal arteries are branches of the thoracic aorta in these three intercostal spaces:
2nd, 3rd, and 4th
In breast cancer, cancer mostly spreads to the ____. However, for prostate cancer, the cancer spreads to the venous blood and bones.
brain
The venous drainage of the breast is mainly to the axillary vein, but there is some drainage to the _____________
internal thoracic vein.
The _______ of the breast is important because of its role in the metastasis of cancer cells.
lymphatic drainage
Lymph passes from the nipple, areola, and lobules of the gland to the _______
subareolar lymphatic plexus.
Most lymph (> 75%), especially from the lateral breast quadrants, drains to the axillary lymph nodes, initially to the ___ or _____nodes for the most part.
anterior or pectoral
Some lymph may drain directly to other ____ nodes or even to interpectoral, deltopectoral, supraclavicular, or inferior deep cervical nodes.
axillary
Most of the remaining lymph, particularly from the medial breast quadrants, drains to the _____lymph nodes or to the opposite breast.
parasternal
Lymph from the inferior quadrants may pass deeply to ____ lymph nodes (subdiaphragmatic inferior phrenic lymph nodes).
abdominal
Lymph from the skin of the ____, except the nipple and areola, drains into the ipsilateral axillary, inferior deep cervical, and infraclavicular lymph nodes and also into the parasternal lymph nodes of both sides.
breast
Lymph from the axillary nodes drains into clavicular (infraclavicular and supraclavicular) lymph nodes and from them into the ______ lymphatic trunk, which also drains lymph from the upper limb.
subclavian
Lymph from the _____ nodes enters the bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk, which also drains lymph from the thoracic viscera.
parasternal
When the viscera of the thoracic cavity is sectioned transversely, it is apparent that the thoracic cavity is ____ shaped: a transversely ovoid space deeply indented posteriorly by the thoracic vertebral column and the posteromedial parts of the ribs (heads and necks), which articulate with it.
kidney
The thoracic cavity is divided into 3 compartments:
- Right and left pulmonary cavities 2. Bilateral compartments 3. A central mediastinum
The ____ of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs and pleurae (lining membranes) and occupy the majority of the thoracic cavity.
Bilateral compartments
The ______is a thoracic cavity compartment intervening between and completely separating the two pulmonary cavities, which contains essentially all other thoracic structures - the heart, thoracic parts of the great vessels, thoracic part of the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and other structures (e.g., lymph nodes).
Mediastinum
The mediastinum extends vertically from the superior thoracic aperture to the ____ and anteroposteriorly from the thoracic vertebral bodies to the ____
diaphragm, sternum
The pulmonary cavities are lined by _________ that also reflect onto and cover the external surface of the lungs contained within the cavities.
pleural membranes (pleurae)
The inner pleural membrane is called the ______
visceral pleura
The outside pleural membrane is called the____
parietal pleura
During the embryonic period, the developing lungs invaginate (grow into) the _______ canals, the primordia (beginnings) of the pleural cavities.
pericardioperitoneal
The invaginated coelomic epithelium covers the primordia of the lungs and becomes the _______.
visceral pleura