Anatomy INTRO Block 1 Flashcards
Regional anatomy
Looks at the body in SEGMENTS and MAIN PARTS
Three types of studied anatomy
- regional
- systemic
- clinical
In regional anatomy, the main body is comprised of what 6 things
- head
- neck
- trunk ( thorax, back, abdomen, pelvis/perineum)
Upper and lower limbs
Regional anatomy also recognizes the body by what
Layers
I.e. Skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia
Surface anatomy
Is a very important part of regional anatomy because it helps you to VISUALIZE
what you are looking at
Knowledge that lies under the skin
Palpating
What is the clinical application of surface anatomy
Physical examination (observation, palpating, and listening of body)
Diagnostic radiology
Reveals effects of trauma, pathology, and aging on normal structures
Prosections
Carefully prepared dissections for the demonstration of anatomical structures
Dissection is?
Learning by doing
Systemic anatomy
Recognizes the organization of the body’s organs into systems that work together to carry out complex functions
What are the 12 systems that systemic anatomy organizes the body into
- integumentary
- skeletal
- articulate
- muscular
- nervous
- circulatory
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- reproductive
- endocrine
Integumentary systems consists of
Skin and it’s appendages ( hair, nails, sweat glands)
And
Subcutaneous tissues underneath
Skeletal system consist of
And does what
Bones and cartilage
Provides basic shape and support and is what muscles act on to make movement
Articulate system consists of
Does what
Joints and their ligaments
Connects the bony parts of the skeletal system
Muscular system consists of
Does what
Skeletal muscles
To move or position parts of the body
Nervous system consists of
Central nervous system ( brain and spinal chord)
And peripheral nervous system( nerves and ganglia)
Controls and coordinators the functions of the organ system
Circulatory system consists of
Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Which function parraell to transport bodily fluids
Cardiovascular systems consists of
Does
Heart and blood vessels
Propel and conduct blood through the body
Delivers oxygen nutrients and hormones to cells
Lymphatic system consists of
Lymphatic vessels
Withdraws excess tissue fluid
Digestive system consists of
Digestive tract from mouth to annus
Mastication and ingestion
Respiratory system
Lungs
Supply oxygen to the blood
Urinary system consists of
Kidneys, uterus, bladder,and urethra
Filter blood
Reproductive system consists of
Does what
Gonads ( overlies and testes)
Gynocology
And robots
Produces oocytes and sperm
Endocrine system
Structures that secrete hormones like endocrine glands (thyroid gland), cultured cells of gut, and blood vessel walls
Hormones-organic molecules that are carried by the circulatory system to distant effector cells in ALL parts of the body
What is clinical anatomy?
It emphasis that bodily structure and function are important in practicing medicine. So it incorporates regional and systemic anatomy to study anatomy and stresses the CLINICAL APLLICATION
How would clinical anatomy look at this question… “ the action of this muscle is?
How would the absence of this muscles activity be obvious?
Supine-
Prone-
Anatomical position refers to body position as?
Laying on back face up
Laying on abdomen face down
As if it were standing up
3 rules of anatomical position
- head, gaze(eyes), and toes directed anteriorly(forward)
- arms adjacent to sides with palms facing ANTERIORLY
- lower limbs close together with feet PARALLEL and toes facing ANTERIORLY
The four anatomical imagery planes
- median
- sagittal
- frontal
Transverse
The median plane (midline)
Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body. Divides body into LEFT and RIGHT
the plane intersects the midline of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the body
Sagittal plane (parasagittal)
Vertical plans that pass through the body PARALLEL to the median planes
*multiple sagittal planes
Sagittal planes are good for giving a point of reference such as
A sagittal plane through the midpoint of the clavicle
Paramedian plane
Any plane that is parallel and near to the median of the body
Frontal plane (coronal)- anterior and posterior
Vertical planes passing through the body separating it from anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane (,ost common in USMLE)
Radiologist= transaxial or axial planes
Planes that pass through the body that divide the body into superior and inferior
Three kinds of sections used with anatomical planes
- longitudinal ( runs length wise or parallel to the axis of body, applies regardless of position)
- transverse (known as cross sections are SLICES of the body that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis )
- oblique( slices that are not specifically cut along a certain plane, like a slanted cut)
Vertex
Caudal
Topmost point of the cranium
Toward the feet or tail region
Rostral
Same as anterior but used when describing the brain
Dorset
Usually refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body ( tounge, nose, penis or foot)
Dorsal surface
Plantar surface
Palmar surface
Of hands fingers and digits referring to the the dorsum part
Surface of feet and toes referring to the sole
Surface of hand and fingers corresponding to the palm
What are the main uses of anatomical planes
It is to describe section
Superficial
What is most superficial thing we have
Towards the surface
Ex. Muscles of the arm are superficial to its bone
Skin
Intermediate
Between superficial and a deep structure (middle)
Ex. Biceps is intermediate to skin and humerous
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
Ex: the numerous is deep to the arm muscle
Superior
Nearest to the vertex ( top of cranium)
Ex heart is superior to the stomach
Cranial
Refers to the crainum(skull) meaning towards the head
Inferior
A structure that is nearer the sole of the foot
Ex the stomach is inferior To the hearts
Caudal ( embryology term)
Meaning to the tail region ( coccyx)
Posterior
The back surface of the body
Ex the heel is posterior to the toes
Anterior or ventral
Front surface of the body
Ex toes are anterior to the heel
Rostral
Often used instead of anterior whenj describing the BRAIN
(Towards beak) so towards the mouth
Proximal
Nearer the trunk or point of origin
Ex elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
Farther from trunk or origin
Ex fingers are distal to the wrist
Medial
( in anatomical position)Indicates that a structure is nearer the median plane of the body
Ex pinky is medial to the thumb
Lateral
When a structure is farther away from the medial plane of the body
Ex the thumb is lateral to the pinky ( anatomical position)
Flex ion
Bending part usually anteriorly except for the knee
Extension
Straightening or increasing angle between parts of body
Usually in posterior direction except knee is opposite
Dorsiflexion
Describes the ankle occurs when walking uphill or lifting toes off ground
Plantar flexion
Flexion of the toes turning down ( tip toe)
Hyper extension
Overextension of limb or part
This can cause injury like whiplash
What is the only thing in the body that can be hyperextended without causeing injury
The thumb in anatomical position ( frontal plane)
Adduction (take away)
Moving away from median plane in the frontal plane
Ex moving upper limb away from side of body
Abduction of the fingers and toes
Spreading them apart , moving other fingers away from the 3rd neutral finger position
Toes: moving away from 2nd toe
Adduction(adding to the body)
Moving towards the median plane
Moving upper limb towards the side of the body
Adduction of digits
Moving digits back towards the neutral position of the 3rd finger and 2nd toe
Circumduction
Circular movement that combines flexion extension abduction and adduction
( hip, shoulder)
Rotation
Turning or revoking a part of the body around longitudinal axis like turning heat sideways
Medial rotation
Brings anterior part of limb closer to median plane
Lateral rotation
Takes anterior surface away from median plane
Pronation
Rotational movement of forearm and hand that turn them downward
When elbow is flexed, pronation moves hand down
Supination ( soup in Palm)
Dorsum of hand is posterior and palm in anterior moving them into anatomical position
Opposition
Pad of first digit is brought to another finger
Used to pinch, button shirts and lift a tea cup
Reposition
Moving from opposition back to normal
Protrusion - stick out tounge
Moving anteriorly like protruding the mandible
Retrusion
Moving posteriorly as in retruding mandible
Elevation
Raises a part superiorly
Like shrugging shoulders or eye lid opening or pushing tounge to root of mouth
Depression
Lower or moves a part inferiorly
Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease , upper eyelid closing, pulling tounge away from palate
Eversion
Moves sole of foot away from median plane ( dorsiflexed)
Inversion
Moves sole of foot toward median plane ( plantar flexed)
