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Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) > Thorax 2 > Flashcards

Thorax 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What does the sternum form

A

The middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage

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1
Q

What shape is the sternum

A
  • flat

- elongated bone

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
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3
Q

What is the sternal angle between

A

The manubrium and the body of the sternum

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4
Q

What is known as the trapezoidal bone

A

Manubrium

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5
Q

What part of the sternum is the thickest and the widest part

A

Manubrium

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6
Q

What is known as the easily palates venter of the superior border of the manubrium

A

The jugular notch

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7
Q

What does the claviclar notch connect

A

The clavicle and the sternum

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8
Q

What is attached to the lateral border if the manubrium

A

The costal cartilage of the first rib

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9
Q

Deceive what synchondrosis is

A

This is where the costal cartilage of the 1st rib meats the lateral border of the manubrium

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10
Q

Is there a synovial joint between the 1st rib and sternum?

A

No, it is a synchondrosis, that is why there is NO movement between the 1st rib and sternum

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11
Q

The manubristernal is Also called?

A

The sternal angle of Louis

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12
Q

What is the sternal angle a landmark for

A

Descending aorta

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13
Q

At what level of the vertebra is the body of the sternum located

A

From T5-T9

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14
Q

Why does the width of the body of the sternum vary

A

It varies because of the costal notches on the lateral parts of the sternum

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15
Q

Is the sternum separated or fused when you are born

A

It’s starts off separated and fuses with adulthood

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16
Q

The joints between the sternebra begin to fuse when

A

Between puberty and age 25

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17
Q

Tell me when the different sternebrae fuse ( specifically what ages)

*remember these joints begin to fuse from the inferior end

A 
(Closer to jugular notch) 1&2-age 60
2&3-age 25
3&4= age 19
4&5= age 12
5&6= age 40
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18
Q

What ossifies with age in the sternum

A

The Xiphoid process

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19
Q

What is the smallest and variable part of the sternum

A

The xiphoid process

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20
Q

At what vertebral level does the xhiphoid process lie

A

T10

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21
Q

What is cartilaginous in young people but may be ossified in adults

A

The xiphoid process

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22
Q

What may happen with old people in regards to the xiphoid process and the sternal body

A

It may fuse with the sternal body and become hardened, people often think it is a tumor

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23
Q

The xiphoid process is a landmark for what

A

The median plane

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24
Q

The infrasternal angle (sub costal angle) is located under what

A

The xiphoid process, in the inferior thoracic aperture

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25
Q

The xiphoid process is a midline marker for what structures

A
  • The liver
  • the central tendon of the diaphragm
  • the inferior border if the heart
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26
Q

At what age do people normally become aware of the ossification of their xiphoid process

A

At around age 40

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27
Q

Are sternal fractures common?

A

No

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28
Q

What can cause a sternal fracture

A

Crush injuries where a person’s chest can be slammed between the steering wheel and the seat

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29
Q

What has dramatically reduced the number if sternal fractures

A

Air bags:)

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30
Q

When a sternum is fractured it usually breaks how?

A

Comminuted fracture- usually breaks into many different peices

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31
Q

Why is displacements of fractures that happen in the sternum uncommon??

A

It is uncommon because the sternum is invested in the deep fascia and the sternal attachment if the pectoral is major muscles

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32
Q

Where is the most common site for a sternal fracture

A

The sternal angle!!

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33
Q

Why is there such a concern with sternal injuries

A

Because it could cause a myocardial contusion, cardiac rupture, and tamponade

Basically it can hurt the heart!!

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34
Q

For cardiac tamponade can you save the patient?

A

Yes if you work quickly

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35
Q

What is the percentage if people who die due to sternal fractures

A

25-45%

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36
Q

All patients with sternal contusions should be evaluated for what??

A

Underlying visceral(organ) injury

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37
Q

Compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac is known as what

A

Tamponade

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38
Q

When a laceration or tearing of the walls of the ventricles or atria has been made or the interventricular septum or the papillary muscles or the chordate trendiness, had been made this is known as what

A

Cardiac rupture

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39
Q

What is referred to as a contusion it bruise of the cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardial contusion

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40
Q

What usually causes a myocardial contusion?

What portion of the heart is thought to be the most easy for a myocardial contusion to occur

A

Usually due to blunt trauma of the anterior part of the thoracic wall

The right part of the heart is most likely to have this occur due to the position

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41
Q

What is another name for a myocardial infraction

A

A heart attack

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42
Q

What usually is caused by a blood clot of the heart and happens when the blood stops flowing to a part of the heart muscle

A

Myocardial infarction (HEART ATTACK)

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43
Q

What is performed to gain access to the thoracic cavity during surgical procedures in the mediastinum

A

Median sterenotomy

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44
Q

When performing a median sterenotomy where is the sternum split

A

In the median plane of the sternum, and then it is retracted (pulled towards the right and left)

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45
Q

What enables spreading the sternum into two halves

A

The flexibility of the ribs and their costal cartilages!

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46
Q

What gives good exposure for removal of rumors and the superior lobes of the lungs

A

Sternal splitting(median sternotomy)

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47
Q

What do surgeons use to join the sternum together after a sternotomy

A

Wire sutures

48
Q

What can the sternal body be used for, other than a sternotomy

A

A bone marrow biopsy, because of its width and subcutaneous position

49
Q

What is aplastic anemia

A

This is when blood marrow begins to be replaced by fibrous tissue

THIS CAN CAUSE DEATH DUE TO LACK OF BLOOD CELLS

50
Q

What are the names for the superior and inferior openings of the thoracic wall

A
  1. Superior thoracic aperture

2. Inferior thoracic aperture

51
Q

Which thoracic aperture allows communicate with the neck and upper limbs

A

The superior thoracic aperture

52
Q

Which thoracic aperture provides a ring like origin if the diaphragm

A

Inferior thoracic opening

53
Q

What completely occluded the opening if the inferior thoracic aperture

A

The diaphragm

54
Q

What primarily controls the volume and internal pressure of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

55
Q

What is the posterior portion of the superior thoracic aperture

  • anterior
  • lateral
A
  • T1
  • manubrium
  • 1st rib
56
Q

What structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture

A
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • nerves
  • vessels (supply and drain the neck and upper limbs)
57
Q

Why does the superior aperture slant forward

A

Because of the obliquity of the 1st pair ribs

58
Q

Which aperture is more spacious

A

The inferior thoracic aperture

59
Q

The diaphragm separates what

A

The thorax and the abdominal cavity

60
Q

The diaphragm has three opening for what

A

Inferior Vena cava hiatus
Aortic hiatus
Esophagus hiatus

61
Q

The domes of the diaphragm raise to where

A

The 4th intercostal space

62
Q

What muscles occupy the intercostal spaces

A

Intercostal muscles

63
Q

The superficial layer of the intercostal muscles are what? The inner layer is what?

A
  • external intercostals

- internal intercostals

64
Q

Putting your hands in your front pockets of your jeans represents the direction of what intercostal muscles

A

External

65
Q

How many pairs are there of external intercostal muscles

A

11

66
Q

When are the external intercostal muscles most active

A

During FORCED inspiration

67
Q

When are the internal intercostal muscles most active

A

During FORCED explorations

68
Q

Do you necessarily need the intercostal muscles for regular breathing

A

No, not during forced

69
Q

How many pairs are there of internal intercostals

A

11

70
Q

Which internal intercostal muscles are the weakest

A

The internal intercostal muscles

71
Q

When are the internal intercostal muscles most active

A

During expiration

72
Q

What separates the innermost intercostal kicked from the internal intercostal muscles

A

Intercostal nerves and vessels

73
Q

Where are the subcostal mucked located?

A

In the lower thoracic wall

74
Q

The subcostal muscles act with what other muscle

A

The internal intercostals

75
Q

Where are the transverse thoracic (transverse thoracis)

A

They attach to the inferior part of the body of the sternum, and the posterior portion of the xiphoid process

76
Q

How many slips do the transverse thoracis consist of

A

4 of 5 slips

77
Q

What costal cartilages do the transverse thoracis muscles attach too

A

2nd-6th costal cartilages

78
Q

Do the transverse thoracic muscles affect expiration?

A

Only a little bit they pull down on the costal cartilages that they attach too

79
Q

What may provide propioceptive information( let you know how far you are bending so you don’t fall over)

A

Transverse thoracis muscles

80
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

81
Q

Is expiration passive or active motion

A

Passive motion

82
Q

What are examples of forced expiration

A

Coughing
Sneezing
Blowing your nose
Shouting

83
Q

What does dyspnea mean

A

Difficulty breathing

84
Q

What muscles do people use to breathe when they have heart problems or asthma

I.e they have to bend over to expand their thoracic cavity

Or they lean over a chair

A

Accessory respiratory muscles

85
Q

Mammary glands are accessory to reproduction of women but what to men

A

Functionless

86
Q

Glandular system of breast do not develop in who

A

Men

87
Q

What are the most prominent superficial structures in the anterior thoracic wall, especially in women

A

The breasts

88
Q

What determines the size if the non lactating breasts

A

Amount if fat surrounding the glandular tissue

89
Q

The nipple is surrounded by what?

A

The areola it is a pigmented portion if skin

90
Q

What is the most prominent sweat gland in both men and women

A

The breasts

91
Q

He breast lines between what ribs

A

2nd-6th

92
Q

2/3 of the breast are formed by what

A

The pectoral fascia that overlies the pectoralis major

93
Q

1/3 of the breast is where

A

Formed by the fascia that covers the serratus anterior

94
Q

Where is the retromammary space (bursa)

A

Between the breast and the pectoral fascia

95
Q

A small part if the mammary gland can extend to where

A

To the axillary fossa(armpit)

96
Q

Why is it that when men have breast cancer it is spread to the body faster

A

Because they have no retromammary space, so there is no barrier between boob and body

97
Q

Why is pain in the breasts during menstrual cycle normal

A

Because water accumulates in the tissue

98
Q

How is the beast attached to the dermis of the overlying skin

A

By skin ligaments called Reticula Cutis

99
Q

Where are more Reticula cutis located

A

More in the upper portion of the boob

This helps support the mammary gland lobules

100
Q

What are the ligaments that attach to the dermis and have more in the upper portion of the boob compared to the bottom

A

The suspensory ligaments of Cooper

101
Q

At what she in puberty do the boobs normally enlarge

A

Sitting 8-15

102
Q

What three things determine breast size

A

Genetics
Ethnicity
Diet

103
Q

How many lobules of glandular tissue are there in the boob

A

15-20

104
Q

What portion of the breasts produce milk

A

The lobules

105
Q

Each lobule is drained by what

A

A lactiferous duct

106
Q

Where does the lactiferous duct open

A

Independently on the nipple

107
Q

Deep to the areolar the lactiferous ducts beach have a dilated portion called what

A

Lactiferous sinus

108
Q

The small milk droplets that accumulates and that can maintain in the nursing mother happens where

A

Lactiferous sinus

109
Q

What contains many sebaceous glands in the breast

A

Areola

110
Q

What enlarges during pregnancy and secretes and oily substance to provide chapping if the nipple

A

The areolar

111
Q

What part of the breast has no hair, fat or sweat gland

A

The nipple

112
Q

What portion of the breast is composed if circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers that compress the lactiferous duct during lactation

A

The nipple

113
Q

What happens to nipples in response to stimulation?

A

They erect

114
Q

JUST FOR YOUR KNOWLEDGE GUYS:))

The Breasts don’t produce milk during pregnancy because a high level of progesterone is present, but once the baby is born the progesterone drops there for stimulating secretion from the breasts because prolactin increases and stops the progesterone production

A

You are welcome:)

115
Q

What is a modified sweat gland

A

Mammary gland

116
Q

Most of the volume of the breast is produced by what

A

The subcutaneous fat

117
Q

What have some people been known to use as a natural contraceptive

A

Breast feeding

Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) (17 decks)

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