Pericardium And Heart Part 1 Flashcards by asope sokan

What are the 4 portions of the mediastinum called

Superior
Middle
Anterior
Posterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The middle mediastinum includes what structures

Pericardium(sac that hold heart)
Heart
Roots of great vessels
   -Ascending aorta
   -Pulmonary trunk
   -Superior vena cava

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is known as the fiberous sac that encloses the heart and the roots if the great vessels

The pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two layers of the pericardium

fibrous pericardium

- serous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What three arteries supply blood to the pericardium

Pericardiophrenic a.
Bronchial a.
Esophageal a.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is innervated by the sensory fibers of the phrenic, and vagus nerves as well as the sympathetic trunk

The pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What kind if sac is the pericardium

A closed sac

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which layer of the pericardium is a tough external layer

The fibrous layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When you open the chest what layer of the pericardium do you immediately see

The fibrous layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which layer of the pericardium blends with the diaphragm

Fibrous layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The glistening serous membrane called the parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines what

The fibrous membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The visceral layer it the serous pericardium directly touches what

The myocardium of the heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What lines both the external surface of the heart and the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

The serous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What part if the fibrous pericardium may be exposed to infection

The upper portion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inferior wall of the fibrous pericardial sac is firmly attached to what

Central tendon if the diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is known as the pericardiacophrenic ligament

Where the fibrous pericardium connects with the central central tendon of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are the fibrous pericardium and the central tendon of the diaphragm separable

No because they fuse together

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What influences the movement of the pericardium

heart
great veins
sternum
diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What protects the heart against sudden overfilling

The fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What carries the pericardium superiorly beyond the heart to the level of the sternal angle

Ascending aorta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the pericardial cavity

It is the potential space between the opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the pericardial cavity normally contain

What is it useful for

Thin film of fluid, it allows the heart to move and beat in a frictionless environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up the epicardium( the outermost of thee layers of the heart wall)

The visceral layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the thickest layer of the three walls of the heart

Myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many vessels connect the heart to the body

What layer is the outermost layer if the heart wall

Epicardium

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located (you can stick your finger through it)

Between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and SVC

How many pulmonary veins connect to the heart

The pulmonary veins carry what kind of oxygen to the blood

Oxygenated!

After the pericardial sac is opened a finger can be passed through what

The transverse pericardial sinus

While performing cardiac surgery, surgeon can put a clamp or tightening ligature around what to stop the circulation of blood flow in the large arteries

The transverse pericardial sinus

Cardiopulmonary bypass if initiated through a straight venous cannula that's placed where

In the right atrial appendage

Phrenic nerves are between what vertebra?

C3-C5 | c3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive

What nerve is the primary source of sensory fibers and pain sensations conveyed by dermatomes c3-c5

Phrenic nerves

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

It is uncertain

Where are the sympathetic trunks located

On the lateral sides of the spinal chord

What must be opened to see the superior and inferior vena cava, since they are contained in a sac

The pericardial sac

Inflammation of the chest usually causes what

Pericarditis usually causes sharp chest pain and it increases with inspiration

What can pericarditis (inflammation of pericardium) do to the serous pericardium

It can make it rough causing friction of rough edges against serious pericardium

What are heart sounds like

Understandably distant and muffled

A chronically inflamed and thickens pericardium may actually do what

Calcify and hamper the problems of the heart

What are the four types of pericarditis

- adhesive pericarditis - adhesive mediastinopericarditis - constrictive pericarditis - fibrinous pericarditis

What kind if pericarditis has the formation of plaque like fibrous thickenings

Adhesive pericarditis

Which kind of pericarditis is the result of infectious pericarditis, previous cardiac survey or irradiation to the mediastinum

Adhesive mediastinopericarditis

When there is a scar that limits diastolic expansion and cardiac otutput

Constrictive pericarditis

What kind if pericarditis is it if I have an accumulation if fibrin

Fibrinous pericarditis

Non inflammatory pericardial effusions often occurs with what condition

Congestive heart failure

What is it called when some inflammatory disease cause a passage of fluid from the pericardial capillaries into the pericardial cavity and may accumulate pus

Pericardial effusion (on an x-Ray the pericardium of the heart looks a lot bigger)

Heart compressions( when the pericardium fills with liquid, not allowing the heart to pump effectively) is also known as?

Cardiac tamponade - this is lethal because the heart volume is compromised

What is it called when there is a presence of blood in the pericardial cavity (this is a form of cardiac tamponade)

Hemopericardium

What are some clinical signs of hemopericardium( cardiac tamponade involving blood)

- the vein of the face and neck become ingorfed, due to the back up of blood - pulsus paradoxus, an abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse

What is the normal fall in pressure during inspiration

10mmHg

When the normal fall of pressure during inspiration is more than this amount, pulsus paradoxus occurs. What is the amount??

When the drop is MORE then 10mmHg

What is it called when a patient has air or gas in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

When is pneumopericardium produced?

When the air from the pleura cavity ( pneumothorax) dissects along connective tissue planes and renters the pericardial sac!

What is pericardiocentesis

When there is drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

What usually needs to be done to relive cardiac tamponade

Pericardiocentesis

When performing pericardiocentesis a wide bore needle may be inserted where to remove fluid

Through the left 5th and 6th intercostal space near the sternum

Why so surgeons use the left side of the thorax to perform pericardiocentesis instead of the right

Because of the extra space that the cardiac notch of the left lung provides!

Reaching the pericardial sac by entering the infrasternal angle is another way to perform what

Pericardiocentesis

In acute cardiac tamponade from hemopericardium and emergency ------- may be performed

Thoractomy( rapidly opening the thorax)

What does hemorrhage mean

A escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels

The right side do the heart receives what kind of blood

De-oxygenated

The left side receives what kind if blood

Oxygenated

What size is the heart?

It is slightly larger then a clenched fist

What is known as a double self adjusting pressure pump

The heart

The ride side of the heart revives de-oxygenated blood from what great vessels

Superior and inferior vena cava

What veins have the one exception when it comes to carrying oxygenated blood

The pulmonary veins that feed into the left atrium of the heart

What are the two different circulations if the hear

Systemic circuit Pulmonary circuit

Which heart circuit involves blood vessels that transport blood to and from the body tissues

Systemic circuit

Which heart circuit involves blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

Pulmonary circuit

How many borders does the heart have and what are they called

4 - superior b. - left b. - inferior b. - right b.

The apex of the heart is located between what two ribs

4 and 5

What are known as the receiving chambers that pump blood into the ventricles

The atria

The tricuspid valve is between what two chambers of the heart

The RA and RV

Where is the pulmonary valve located

Between RV and pulmonary trunk

Where is the mitral(bicuspid) valve

Between LA and LV

Where is the aortic valve

Between LV and AORTA

The synchronous pumping action of the hearts two atrioventricular pumps constitute to what

The cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle begins with a period if ventricular elongation and filling, this is called--------. After this the period if ventricular shortening and emptying is called........

Diastole (ventricle filling) | Systole(ventricle emptying)

The heart sound that is heard with a stethoscope is called "lub-dub" What is it called when blood is transferred from atria to ventricle, and what is it called when ventricle expels blood from the heart

Lub- ventricle filling(diastole) | Dub- ventricle emptying (systole)

Heart sounds are produce by what

The snapping shut of one way valves that normally keep blood from flowing backwards. (Tricuspid and bicuspid valve)

S1 is what

The closing it the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular systole

S2 is when...

The closing of the semilunar valves ( also known as the aortic and pulmonary valve) at the end if ventricular systole happens

Murmurs are what? They can be normal or abnormal

The sounds of blood flow in the heart

The actual definition for heart best is what

A single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

Contraction is represented by?

Systole

Filling is represented by?

Diastole

What is a normal heart rate

60-100

Bradycardia means?

Slow heart rate

Tachycardia means

Fast heart rate

Both atria contract together and ventricles contract together

That was just a fact:)

The heart is lined by what kind if epithelium

Simple squamous

The wall of each heart chamber consists of what three layers

Endocardium (thin internal layer) Myocsrdium(thick middle layer) Epicardium ( thin external layer)

The walls of the ventricles mostly consist of what kind of wall

Myocardium, especially in the left ventricle

What is the amount if thickness of the left ventricle? Of the right?

Left - 10-15mm Right- 3-5mm

The muscles fibers of the myocardium are anchored to what

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

How many fibrous rings does the heart skeleton make

What is known to keep the orifices of atrioventricular and semilunar patent and keeps then from over distending

The fibrous skeleton

What is known to form an electrical insulator so that the atria and ventricles may contract independently

The fibrous skeletons of the heart

What provides attachment for the myocardium

The fibrous skeleton of the heart