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Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) > Pericardium And Heart Part 1 > Flashcards

Pericardium And Heart Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 portions of the mediastinum called

A

Superior
Middle
Anterior
Posterior

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1
Q

The middle mediastinum includes what structures

A 
Pericardium(sac that hold heart)
Heart
Roots of great vessels
   -Ascending aorta
   -Pulmonary trunk
   -Superior vena cava
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2
Q

What is known as the fiberous sac that encloses the heart and the roots if the great vessels

A

The pericardium

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3
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A
  • fibrous pericardium

- serous pericardium

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4
Q

What three arteries supply blood to the pericardium

A

Pericardiophrenic a.
Bronchial a.
Esophageal a.

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5
Q

What is innervated by the sensory fibers of the phrenic, and vagus nerves as well as the sympathetic trunk

A

The pericardium

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6
Q

What kind if sac is the pericardium

A

A closed sac

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7
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is a tough external layer

A

The fibrous layer

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8
Q

When you open the chest what layer of the pericardium do you immediately see

A

The fibrous layer

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9
Q

Which layer of the pericardium blends with the diaphragm

A

Fibrous layer

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10
Q

The glistening serous membrane called the parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines what

A

The fibrous membrane

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11
Q

The visceral layer it the serous pericardium directly touches what

A

The myocardium of the heart

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12
Q

What lines both the external surface of the heart and the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

The serous pericardium

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13
Q

What part if the fibrous pericardium may be exposed to infection

A

The upper portion

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14
Q

The inferior wall of the fibrous pericardial sac is firmly attached to what

A

Central tendon if the diaphragm

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15
Q

What is known as the pericardiacophrenic ligament

A

Where the fibrous pericardium connects with the central central tendon of the diaphragm

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16
Q

Are the fibrous pericardium and the central tendon of the diaphragm separable

A

No because they fuse together

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17
Q

What influences the movement of the pericardium

A
  • heart
  • great veins
  • sternum
  • diaphragm
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18
Q

What protects the heart against sudden overfilling

A

The fibrous pericardium

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19
Q

What carries the pericardium superiorly beyond the heart to the level of the sternal angle

A

Ascending aorta

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20
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

It is the potential space between the opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

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21
Q

What does the pericardial cavity normally contain

What is it useful for

A

Thin film of fluid, it allows the heart to move and beat in a frictionless environment

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22
Q

What makes up the epicardium( the outermost of thee layers of the heart wall)

A

The visceral layer

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23
Q

What is the thickest layer of the three walls of the heart

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

How many vessels connect the heart to the body

A

8

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25
Q

What layer is the outermost layer if the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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26
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located (you can stick your finger through it)

A

Between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and SVC

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27
Q

How many pulmonary veins connect to the heart

A

4

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28
Q

The pulmonary veins carry what kind of oxygen to the blood

A

Oxygenated!

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29
Q

After the pericardial sac is opened a finger can be passed through what

A

The transverse pericardial sinus

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30
Q

While performing cardiac surgery, surgeon can put a clamp or tightening ligature around what to stop the circulation of blood flow in the large arteries

A

The transverse pericardial sinus

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31
Q

Cardiopulmonary bypass if initiated through a straight venous cannula that’s placed where

A

In the right atrial appendage

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32
Q

Phrenic nerves are between what vertebra?

A

C3-C5

c3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive

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33
Q

What nerve is the primary source of sensory fibers and pain sensations conveyed by dermatomes c3-c5

A

Phrenic nerves

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34
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

It is uncertain

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35
Q

Where are the sympathetic trunks located

A

On the lateral sides of the spinal chord

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36
Q

What must be opened to see the superior and inferior vena cava, since they are contained in a sac

A

The pericardial sac

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37
Q

Inflammation of the chest usually causes what

A

Pericarditis usually causes sharp chest pain and it increases with inspiration

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38
Q

What can pericarditis (inflammation of pericardium) do to the serous pericardium

A

It can make it rough causing friction of rough edges against serious pericardium

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39
Q

What are heart sounds like

A

Understandably distant and muffled

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40
Q

A chronically inflamed and thickens pericardium may actually do what

A

Calcify and hamper the problems of the heart

41
Q

What are the four types of pericarditis

A
  • adhesive pericarditis
  • adhesive mediastinopericarditis
  • constrictive pericarditis
  • fibrinous pericarditis
42
Q

What kind if pericarditis has the formation of plaque like fibrous thickenings

A

Adhesive pericarditis

43
Q

Which kind of pericarditis is the result of infectious pericarditis, previous cardiac survey or irradiation to the mediastinum

A

Adhesive mediastinopericarditis

44
Q

When there is a scar that limits diastolic expansion and cardiac otutput

A

Constrictive pericarditis

45
Q

What kind if pericarditis is it if I have an accumulation if fibrin

A

Fibrinous pericarditis

46
Q

Non inflammatory pericardial effusions often occurs with what condition

A

Congestive heart failure

47
Q

What is it called when some inflammatory disease cause a passage of fluid from the pericardial capillaries into the pericardial cavity and may accumulate pus

A

Pericardial effusion (on an x-Ray the pericardium of the heart looks a lot bigger)

48
Q

Heart compressions( when the pericardium fills with liquid, not allowing the heart to pump effectively) is also known as?

A

Cardiac tamponade - this is lethal because the heart volume is compromised

49
Q

What is it called when there is a presence of blood in the pericardial cavity (this is a form of cardiac tamponade)

A

Hemopericardium

50
Q

What are some clinical signs of hemopericardium( cardiac tamponade involving blood)

A
  • the vein of the face and neck become ingorfed, due to the back up of blood
  • pulsus paradoxus, an abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse
51
Q

What is the normal fall in pressure during inspiration

52
Q

When the normal fall of pressure during inspiration is more than this amount, pulsus paradoxus occurs. What is the amount??

A

When the drop is MORE then 10mmHg

53
Q

What is it called when a patient has air or gas in the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

54
Q

When is pneumopericardium produced?

A

When the air from the pleura cavity ( pneumothorax) dissects along connective tissue planes and renters the pericardial sac!

55
Q

What is pericardiocentesis

A

When there is drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

56
Q

What usually needs to be done to relive cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardiocentesis

57
Q

When performing pericardiocentesis a wide bore needle may be inserted where to remove fluid

A

Through the left 5th and 6th intercostal space near the sternum

58
Q

Why so surgeons use the left side of the thorax to perform pericardiocentesis instead of the right

A

Because of the extra space that the cardiac notch of the left lung provides!

59
Q

Reaching the pericardial sac by entering the infrasternal angle is another way to perform what

A

Pericardiocentesis

60
Q

In acute cardiac tamponade from hemopericardium and emergency ——- may be performed

A

Thoractomy( rapidly opening the thorax)

61
Q

What does hemorrhage mean

A

A escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels

62
Q

The right side do the heart receives what kind of blood

A

De-oxygenated

63
Q

The left side receives what kind if blood

A

Oxygenated

64
Q

What size is the heart?

A

It is slightly larger then a clenched fist

65
Q

What is known as a double self adjusting pressure pump

66
Q

The ride side of the heart revives de-oxygenated blood from what great vessels

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

67
Q

What veins have the one exception when it comes to carrying oxygenated blood

A

The pulmonary veins that feed into the left atrium of the heart

68
Q

What are the two different circulations if the hear

A

Systemic circuit

Pulmonary circuit

69
Q

Which heart circuit involves blood vessels that transport blood to and from the body tissues

A

Systemic circuit

70
Q

Which heart circuit involves blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

71
Q

How many borders does the heart have and what are they called

A

4

  • superior b.
  • left b.
  • inferior b.
  • right b.
72
Q

The apex of the heart is located between what two ribs

73
Q

What are known as the receiving chambers that pump blood into the ventricles

74
Q

The tricuspid valve is between what two chambers of the heart

A

The RA and RV

75
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located

A

Between RV and pulmonary trunk

76
Q

Where is the mitral(bicuspid) valve

A

Between LA and LV

77
Q

Where is the aortic valve

A

Between LV and AORTA

78
Q

The synchronous pumping action of the hearts two atrioventricular pumps constitute to what

A

The cardiac cycle

79
Q

The cardiac cycle begins with a period if ventricular elongation and filling, this is called——–. After this the period if ventricular shortening and emptying is called……..

A

Diastole (ventricle filling)

Systole(ventricle emptying)

80
Q

The heart sound that is heard with a stethoscope is called “lub-dub”
What is it called when blood is transferred from atria to ventricle, and what is it called when ventricle expels blood from the heart

A

Lub- ventricle filling(diastole)

Dub- ventricle emptying (systole)

81
Q

Heart sounds are produce by what

A

The snapping shut of one way valves that normally keep blood from flowing backwards. (Tricuspid and bicuspid valve)

82
Q

S1 is what

A

The closing it the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular systole

83
Q

S2 is when…

A

The closing of the semilunar valves ( also known as the aortic and pulmonary valve) at the end if ventricular systole happens

84
Q

Murmurs are what?

They can be normal or abnormal

A

The sounds of blood flow in the heart

85
Q

The actual definition for heart best is what

A

A single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

86
Q

Contraction is represented by?

87
Q

Filling is represented by?

88
Q

What is a normal heart rate

89
Q

Bradycardia means?

A

Slow heart rate

90
Q

Tachycardia means

A

Fast heart rate

91
Q

Both atria contract together and ventricles contract together

A

That was just a fact:)

92
Q

The heart is lined by what kind if epithelium

A

Simple squamous

93
Q

The wall of each heart chamber consists of what three layers

A

Endocardium (thin internal layer)
Myocsrdium(thick middle layer)
Epicardium ( thin external layer)

94
Q

The walls of the ventricles mostly consist of what kind of wall

A

Myocardium, especially in the left ventricle

95
Q

What is the amount if thickness of the left ventricle? Of the right?

A

Left - 10-15mm

Right- 3-5mm

96
Q

The muscles fibers of the myocardium are anchored to what

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

97
Q

How many fibrous rings does the heart skeleton make

98
Q

What is known to keep the orifices of atrioventricular and semilunar patent and keeps then from over distending

A

The fibrous skeleton

99
Q

What is known to form an electrical insulator so that the atria and ventricles may contract independently

A

The fibrous skeletons of the heart

100
Q

What provides attachment for the myocardium

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) (17 decks)

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