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Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) > Peripheral Nervous System (Megan) > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (Megan) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain + spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

Nervous structures outside CNS CNS Body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

PNS consists of these four nerves/systems:

A

-spinal nn. -cranial nn. -enteric system -visceral nerves and plexuses

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4
Q

PNS consists of two types of structures:

A

Somatic and visceral

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5
Q

Skin and striated muscles

A

Somatic tissue

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6
Q

viscera + cardiac and smooth mm. + glands + blood vessels + arrector pili m.

A

Visceral tissue

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7
Q

What are the two types of neurons and innervations?

A

sensory ≈ afferent motor ≈ efferent

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8
Q

Group of cell bodies (outside CNS)

A

Ganglion

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9
Q

Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue

A

Peripheral nerve

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10
Q

Surround axons and dendrites and give them their white color

A

myelin sheaths.

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11
Q

Nerve cells

A

neurons

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12
Q

Cell bodies are a ____ color.

A

gray

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13
Q

dendrite and axons are the color _____ because they are surrounded by layer of protein tissue, known as the myelin sheath.

A

white

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14
Q

You will find motor cell bodies in

A

ventral

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15
Q

you will find sensory cell bodies in

A

dorsal

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16
Q

dorsal group and ventral group form the

A

spinal nerves

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17
Q

what emerges from the spinal cord?

A

spinal nerve

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18
Q

Spinal nerves are connected to spinal cord by

A

ventral rootlets and root; dorsal rootlets and root.

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19
Q

Ventral root + dorsal root = ? (lateral to spinal cord)

A

spinal nerve

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20
Q

Gives rise to a single pair of spinal nn.

A

Spinal segment

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21
Q

Spinal n. through ________

A

Intervertebral foramen

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22
Q

Division of spinal n. into…

A

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

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23
Q

Epaxial mm. + skin on back

A

Dorsal ramus

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24
Q

Skin + skeletal (hypaxial) mm. of ventro-lateral aspects of body (=limb + trunk mm.)

A

Ventral ramus

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25
Q

Skin of certain parts of head are innervated by the ___________

A

cranial nn.

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26
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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27
Q

How many cervical spinal nn.?

A

8 (C1-C8)

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28
Q

How many thoracic spinal nn.?

A

12 (T1-T12)

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29
Q

How many lumbar spinal nn.?

A

5 (L1-L5)

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30
Q

How many sacral spinal nn.?

A

5 (S1-S5)

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31
Q

How many coccygeal spinal n.?

A

1 (Co1)

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32
Q

Cervical spinal nerves exit ____ cervical vertebrae with same name/number

A

Above

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33
Q

All other spinal nerves exit _______ vertebrae with same name/number

A

Below

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34
Q

Somatic NS consist of

A

C1-Co1 spinal nn.

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35
Q

31 pairs of somites with (2 answers)

A

dermatomes myotomes

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36
Q

skin precursor cells

A

dermatomes

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37
Q

muscle precursor cells

A

myotomes

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38
Q

dermatomes and myotomes develop into what?

A

skin and striated muscles

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39
Q

Innervation of dermatomes + myoterms by…

A

somatic nerves

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40
Q

A segment of striated muscle + overlying skin; target area for spinal nn.

A

Dermamyotome

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41
Q

Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single pair of spinal nerve from a specific spinal cord level C1-Co1.

A

Myotome

42
Q

This portion of the skeletal muscle has more than one spinal n./spinal cord level for each skeletal muscle. Difficult clinical testing

A

Myotome

43
Q

Area of skin innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves entering a specific spinal cord level C1-Co1. Clinical testing by touch in conscious patients.

A

Dermatome

44
Q

Skin overlying limbs, lateral and anterior walls of the thorax

A

Ventral rami territory

45
Q

Both ventral and dorsal rami contribute to _____.

A

Dermatomes

46
Q

Muscles and skin of anterior and lateral trunk of limbs

A

Hypaxial dermamyotome

47
Q

Collection of sensory neurons at the distal end of dorsal root, usually in intervertebral foramen.

A

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG; aka spinal ganglion)

48
Q

● motor and sensory innervation to epaxial muscles and overlying skin

● strictly segmental

Ø Exception: Greater occipital n. (C2 dorsal ramus; pure sensory)

A

Dorsal rami

49
Q
  • motor and sensory fibers
  • not necessarily segmental
  • formation of plexus for limb innervation
  • origin in back (intervertebral foramina)
  • innervation of ventral and lateral structures
A

Ventral rami

50
Q

Ventral rami from more than one spinal cord segment form into this

A

Plexus

51
Q

Fibers from several _______ in nerves emerging from a plexus

(e.g. Axillary n. (C5-C6 ventral rami) from brachial plexus → Deltoid m. (C5-C6 myotomes))

A

ventral rami

52
Q

__________ nerves for monitor changes in viscera (e.g., chemoreception, mechanoreception, and stretch reception)

A

sensory

53
Q

____________ nerves innervate smooth mm. + cardiac mm. + glands + blood vessels

A

Motor

54
Q

Motor component

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

55
Q

2 neurons/fibers in autonomic innervation:

A

1 pre-ganglionic (myelinated) neuron in CNS

1 post-ganglionic (un-myelinated) neuron in peripheral ganglion

56
Q

Exit of peripheral autonomic nerves from CNS: in the cranial region, from ….

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

57
Q

Exit of peripheral autonomic nerves from CNS: in the spinal cord, from ……….

A

T1-L2 and S(2)3-S4(5) levels

58
Q

▪ travel with autonomic nerves, and not separable in dissection

▪ NOT part of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

▪ 1 neuron in dorsal root ganglion

A

Visceral sensory nerves

59
Q

Visceral motor and sensory fibers enter and exit CNS with their _______ equivalents

A

somatic

60
Q

Structures that receive visceral innervation:

A

● All thoracic organs…

● All abdomino-pelvic organs…

● Body wall structures (arrector pili m. + sweat glands + sebaceous glands + smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels)…

61
Q

All thoracic organs innervations (2)

A
  • autonomic innervation
  • visceral sensory innervation
62
Q

All abdomino-pelvic organs innervation

A
  • autonomic innervation
  • visceral sensory innervation
63
Q

Body wall structures (arrector pili m. + sweat glands + sebaceous glands + smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels) innervation

A
  • partial autonomic innervation
  • visceral sensory innervation
64
Q

2 components of autonomic nervous system (ANS):

A

● sympathetic (energy expenditure)

● parasympathetic (energy intake/conservation)

65
Q

Origin of autonomic innervation in CNS:

A
  • sympathetic from T1-L2 segments of spinal cord
  • parasympathetic from brainstem (via CN III, VII, IX, and X) and S(2)3-S4(5) segments of spinal cord
66
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons in lateral horns of T1-L2 spinal cord segments

A

Sympathetic NS

67
Q

● located outside CNS

● formation of long chain on either side of vertebral column (paravertebral or sympathetic chain ganglia)

● sympathetic ganglia in abdominal and pelvic cavities (subdiaphragmatic/pre- vertebral/pre-aortic ganglia)

● convergence of two chains anterior to coccyx at ganglion impar

● paravertebral ganglia attached to ventral rami of spinal nn.

A

sympathetic ganglia

68
Q

suspension of paravertebral ganglia from ventral rami by…

A

white ramus communicans (T1-L2 spinal cord levels)

69
Q

Identify preganglionic, post ganglionic, and synapse.

A

preganglionic - solid line

synapse

post ganglionic - dashed lines

70
Q

Innervation of thoracic organs:

A

T1-T5 lateral horn → Ventral horn → Ventral rootlets → Ventral root → Spinal n. → Ventral ramus → White ramus communicans → Paravertebral ganglia (synapse)* → Sympathetic “organ” n. → Target organ

71
Q

Some pre-ganglionic fibers ascend the sympathetic chain via inter-ganglionic communicating bundle, go to cervical sympathetic ganglia (superior + middle + inferior/stellate) and _____ there.

A

synapse

72
Q

Organs in the abdomen and pelvis receive their pre-ganglionic innervation from between

A

T5-L2

74
Q

Innervation of abdomino-pelvic organs (high yield):

A

T5-L2 lateral horn → Ventral horn → Ventral rootlets → Ventral root → Spinal n. → Ventral ramus → White ramus communicans → Paravertebral ganglia (NO synapse) → Splanchnic nn. → Subdiaphragmatic ganglia (synapse) → Post-ganglionic fibers to blood vessels → Target organ(s)

75
Q

Some pre-ganglionic fibers in the splanchnic nerves do not synapse in the subdiaphragmatic ganglia, but pass through the system to adrenal glands where they synapse directly on the adrenal _________

A

medulla.

76
Q

Spinal cord contributions to splanchnic nerves:

▪ T5-T9 = _______

▪ T(9)10-T(10)11 = ______.

▪ T12 = ________

▪ L1-L2 = _________

A

▪ T5-T9 = Greater splanchnic n.

▪ T(9)10-T(10)11 = Lesser splanchnic n.

▪ T12 = Least splanchnic n.

▪ L1-L2 = Lumbar splanchnic n.

77
Q

Innervation of body wall structures at T1-L2 levels:

A

T1-L2 lateral horn → Ventral horn → Ventral rootlets → Ventral root → Spinal n. → Ventral ramus → White ramus communicans → Paravertebral ganglia (synapse) → (post-ganglionic fibers in) Gray ramus communicans → Ventral ramus → Ventro-lateral aspect of body wall

78
Q

To reach dorsal aspect of body wall, post-ganglionic fibers travel from …

A

Ventral ramus → Spinal n. → Dorsal ramus → Dorsal aspect of body wall

79
Q

Innervation of body wall structures OUTSIDE T1-L2 levels:

A

T1-L2 lateral horn → Ventral horn → Ventral rootlets → Ventral root → Spinal n. → Ventral ramus → White ramus communicans → Paravertebral ganglia (NO synapse) → Inter-ganglionic communicating bundle → Sympathetic chain (ascend/descend to higher/lower sympathetic ganglia) → Synapse → (post-ganglionic fibers in) Gray ramus communicans → Ventral ramus → Ventro-lateral aspect of body wall

80
Q

To reach dorsal aspect of body wall (outside T1-L2 levels) post-ganglionic fibers travel from …

A

Ventral ramus → Spinal n. → Dorsal ramus → Dorsal aspect of body wall

81
Q

● carried by CN III, VII, IX, and X

● CN III + VII + IX to structures in head and neck only (wait until block 4…)

● CN X (Vagus n.) to structures in head and neck + thorax + partial abdomen

Vagus n. → Thoracic + abdominal viscera up to left colic flexure (synapse on ganglia in organ walls)

A

Cranial parasympathetics

82
Q

● S(2)3-S4(5) spinal cord segments

● viscera of hindgut + pelvis + perineum + blood vessels associated with erectile tissues

S(2)3 – S4(5) lateral horn → Ventral horn → Ventral rootlets → Ventral root → Spinal n. → Ventral ramus → Pelvic splanchnic n. → Viscera in hindgut + pelvis + perineum (synapse on ganglia in organ walls)

A

Sacral parasympathetics

83
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to body wall structures…

A

THERE ARE NONE! :)

84
Q

Functions of Sympathetic NS:

A

● energy expenditure (“fight or flight”)

● stimulation of sweat glands for heat dissipation

● constriction of cutaneous arterioles → shunt blood to muscles

● dilation of cutaneous arterioles → heat dissipation

● bronchodilation

● dilation of coronary + muscular arterioles → greater blood supply to heart and muscles

● dilation of pupils

● constriction of gastro-intestinal blood vessel

● reduction in bowel activity

85
Q

Functions of Parasympathetic NS

A

● energy intake/conservation

● bronchoconstriction

● constriction of coronary blood vessels

● reduction in heart rate

● constriction of pupils

● dilation of gastro-intestinal blood vessels

● increase in peristalsis

● stimulation of exocrine digestive glands

● defecation/urination → solid/liquid waste disposal

86
Q

Not part of ANS, sensory cell bodies at dorsal root ganglion (non-synaptic), Non-sensory afferent information, do not reach level of consciousness, connect to autonomic motor system for visceral, reflex

usually dull, poorly localized. Stimuli for pain: ischemia, inflammation, distension, cramping, cutting, crushing, burning

Distension of pelvic organs… follows parasympathetic out-flow

A

PNS: Visceral Sensation

87
Q

Visceral sensation follows ______ outflow (Spinal nerve, goes back to spinal cord by the dorsal root, dorsal rootlets, dorsal horn.)

A

Sympathetic

88
Q
  • Viscero-somatic convergence in dorsal horn
  • Visceral sensation (pain) interpreted as sharp, well- localized (somatic) pain from an undamaged region of body wall
  • Both injured visceral structure and undamaged body wall region innervated by same spinal cord segments
A

PNS: Referred pain

Green lines in photo: visceral sensory

Red lines in photo: somatic sensory

89
Q

Pain from the heart (T1 – T5 sympathetic innervation) referred to dermatomes T1 – T5 on left side

A

Angina pectoris

90
Q

RIGHT SIDE T7-T9; pain from kidney (T10-T12). referred pain visceral to referred somatic. Sensory information or pain sensation from the structures will go back to the same spinal cord segments and found in the dermatomes.

A

Appendicitis

91
Q

What does this image show?

A

Motor and Sensory cell bodies.

92
Q

PNS Enteric system is located within walls of the _____

A

GI tract

93
Q

Enteric system is made up of ______ and ______ neurons.

A

motor and sensory

94
Q

Two inter-connected nerve plexuses in enteric system

A

myenteric

submucous

95
Q

Plexus formed by…

A

● ganglia containing neurons

● nerve fiber bundles connecting ganglia and surrounding tissues

96
Q

Reflex activities of ________:

  • regulation of peristalsis, secretomotor activity, and vascular tone
  • independent of CNS
  • possible modification by pre-ganglionic parasympathetic and post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers
A

GI tract

97
Q

Sensory in-flow to CNS by _______ afferent fibers

A

visceral

98
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Nerve plexuses

99
Q

Somatic or visceral

Network of fibers from different sources/spinal cord segments…

● formation of new nerves with specific targets/destinations

A

Nerve Plexuses

100
Q

Cervical (C1-C4 ventral rami)

Brachial (C5-T1 ventral rami)

Lumbar (L2-L4 ventral rami)

Sacral (L5-S3 ventral rami)

Coccygeal (S5-Co1 ventral rami)

A

Somatic plexuses

101
Q

● formed in association with viscera

● contain visceral motor and sensory fibers

● cardiac + pulmonary + esophageal + aortic plexuses for thoracic viscera

A

Visceral plexuses

Anatomy (COLLECTIVE) (17 decks)

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