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Anatomy > Thoracic Wall, Pleural Cavity, Lungs > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall, Pleural Cavity, Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the skeleton of the thoracic wall?

A

osteocartilaginous thoracic cage, 12 pairs of ribs/cartilage, 12 thoracic vertebrae/IV discs, sternum

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2
Q

other name for vertebrocostal ribs? what number ribs?

A

true ribs, 1-6

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3
Q

other name for vertebrochondral ribs? what number ribs?

A

false ribs, 7-10

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4
Q

other name for vertebral ribs? what number ribs?

A

free ribs, 11-12

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5
Q

which ribs are ‘typical’ ribs?

A

3-9

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6
Q

what makes rib 1 ‘atypical’?

A

broad and short

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7
Q

what makes rib 2 ‘atypical’?

A

thin and long

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8
Q

what make ribs 10-12 ‘atypical’? what is different about ribs 11-12?

A

only one facet

no necks or tubercles

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9
Q

what are defining characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A

costal facets/demifacets on bodies and transverse processes, long spinous processes

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10
Q

what are the parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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11
Q

what is different about the sternocostal joint of the 1st rib?

A

synchondrosis (an immovable joint)

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12
Q

what is the name of the joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum? what is the landmark for this joint?

A

manubriosternal joint

sternal angle

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13
Q

what are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture/inlet?

A

1st thoracic vertebra, 1st pair of ribs/costal cartilage, superior order of manubrium sternum

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14
Q

what are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture/outlet?

A

12th thoracic vertebrae, 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, costal cartilage of ribs 7-10, xiphisternal joint

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15
Q

what is the name of the joint between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process?

A

xiphisternal joint

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16
Q

where are the costovertebral joints?

A

between head of ribs and adjacent bodies of thoracic vertebrae + IV disc

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17
Q

what ligament helps support the articulation of the costovertebral joints?

A

interarticular ligament

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18
Q

there is an envelope surrounding the costovertebral joints - what is this called? what is it supported by?

A

articular capsule

radiate ligament

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19
Q

where are the costotransverse joints?

A

between the tubercle of the rib and transverse costal facet

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20
Q

what are the ligaments that help support the costotransverse joints?

A

costotransverse ligament, lateral costotransverse ligament, superior transverse ligament (anterior and posterior)

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21
Q

where are the costochondral joints?

A

between the ribs and costal cartilage (~midaxillary line)

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22
Q

what type of joint are the costochondral joints?

A

plane-type synovial joints

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23
Q

where are the interchondral joints?

A

between the cartilage of the ribs with one another

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24
Q

what type of joint are the interchondral joints?

A

plane-type synovial joints

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25
Q

where are the sternocostal joints?

A

between the costal cartilage and the sternum

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26
Q

what type of joint are the sternocostal joints?

A

primary cartilaginous joints

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27
Q

vertical diameter of the thorax, also known as the superior-inferior diameter, increases with what movement?

A

contraction of the diaphragm

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28
Q

transverse diameter of the thorax increases with what movement?

A

contraction of the intercostal muscles

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29
Q

anterior-posterior diameter of the thorax increases with what movement?

A

contraction of the intercostal muscles

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30
Q

the transverse diameter produces a movement known as what?

A

bucket handle movement

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31
Q

the anterior-posterior diameter produces a movement known as what?

A

pump handle movement

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32
Q

the caval opening is the opening in the central tendon of the diaphragm for what structure? what level of the vertebrae is it at?

A

superior vena cava

T8

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33
Q

the esophageal hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm for what structure? what level of the vertebrae is it at?

A

esophagus

T10

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34
Q

the aortic hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm for what structures? what level of the vertebrae is it at?

A

aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein

T12

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35
Q

what is the main action of the diaphragm and what does it help create?

A

contraction of the diaphragm lowers it, helping to create pleural cavities

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36
Q

what is the purpose of the structure of the diaphram?

A

separate thoracic and abdominal cavities

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37
Q

the lumbar part of the diaphragm is supported by what structures?

A

medial arcuate ligament, lateral arcuate ligament

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38
Q

what are the two crura in the diaphragm and what do they help create?

A

right crura, left crura

esophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus

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39
Q

what are the main arteries and veins that are present in the diaphragm?

A

pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic, superior phrenic

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40
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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41
Q

what are the serratus posterior superior attachments, innervation, and actions?

A

C7-T3 spinous processes, ribs 2-5

2nd-5th intercostal nerves

increase anterior-posterior diameter of thorax, proprioception

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42
Q

what are the serratus posterior inferior attachments, innervation, and actions?

A

T11-L2 spinous processes, ribs 9-12

T9-12 anterior rami

depress inferior ribs, proprioception

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43
Q

what are the levatores costarum attachments, innervation, and actions?

A

transverse processes T1-11, ribs 1-11

posterior primary rami C8-T11

elevate ribs

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44
Q

what are the external intercostal attachments, innervation, and actions?

A

inferior border of ribs, superior border of adjacent rib

intercostal nerve

elevate ribs during forced inspiration

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45
Q

what is found between the intercostal muscles and the sternum in the intercostal spaces?

A

external intercostal membrane, internal intercostal membrane

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46
Q

what are the internal intercostal/innermost intercostal attachments, innervation, and actions?

A

inferior border of ribs, superior border of adjacent rib

intercostal nerve

depress ribs during forced expiration (interosseous part), elevate ribs during forced inspiration (interchondral part)

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47
Q

what are the accessory respiratory muscles?

A

subcostal, transverse thoracic, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, trapezius, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis, quadratus lumborum

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48
Q

where are the intercostal nerves located?

A

costal groove

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49
Q

what are the branches of the intercostal nerves?

A

collateral, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous, muscular

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50
Q

do intercostal nerves provide myotome (motor) or dermatome (sensory) functions?

A

myotome AND dermatome

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51
Q

what is the name of the connecting branch between the intercostal nerves and the sympathetic trunk?

A

rami communicantes (white and gray)

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52
Q

what is the name of the intercostal nerve from the anterior ramus T12?

A

subcostal nerve

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53
Q

T7 dermatome is at the level of what structure?

A

xiphoid process

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54
Q

each intercostal space is supplied by three arteries - what are they?

A

posterior intercostal, axillary artery, subclavian artery

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55
Q

what does the posterior intercostal artery arise from?

A

thoracic aorta

55
Q

the supreme thoracic artery is a branch of what artery?

A

axillary artery

55
Q

the internal thoracic artery is a branch of what artery?

A

subclavian artery

56
Q

what are the spaces that make up the thoracic cavity?

A

pulmonary cavities, mediastinum

57
Q

what are the two pleura within the thoracic cavity?

A

visceral, pleural

58
Q

what are the components of the parietal pleura?

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, cervical

59
Q

what innervates the costal and diaphragmatic pleura?

A

intercostal nerves

60
Q

what innervates the mediastinal pleura?

A

phrenic nerves

61
Q

what are the lines of pleural reflection?

A

sternal, costal, vertebral

62
Q

what are the recesses found in the pleural cavity?

A

costodiaphragmatic, costomediastinal

63
Q

what is the function of the pleural cavity?

A

prevention of lung recoil

64
Q

what increases the surface tension of the lungs to prevent recoil?

A

subatmospheric pressure and pleural fluid within pleural space

65
Q

during inspiration, the diameter of the thoracic wall increases - what happens to air pressure in lungs?

A

becomes subatmospheric

66
Q

during expiration, the diameter of the thoracic wall decreases - what happens to the air pressure in the lungs?

A

excesses atmospheric pressure

67
Q

changes in the diameter of the thoracic wall change the air pressure in the lungs - what causes this?

A

contraction of the muscles and compliance of the lungs

68
Q

what keeps the lungs from being completely deflated?

A

residual volume

69
Q

lungs expand due to surface tension of visceral and parietal pleura - what causes this?

A

thin serous fluid in the pleural cavity

70
Q

what creates a negative pressure in the pleura with lung expansion?

A

lymphatic circulation of pleural fluid

71
Q

the surface tension between the pleura allows the lungs to do what?

A

affix to the internal thoracic wall

72
Q

what disrupts the lymphatic flow and breaks surface tension?

A

air, fluid, or blood in the pleural space

73
Q

pneumothorax is caused by what?

A

a penetrating wound that causes a rupture of visceral pleura

74
Q

what is emphysema?

A

damage to alveoli (lung disease)

75
Q

what is hydrothorax?

A

water in the pleural cavity

76
Q

what is hemothorax?

A

blood in the pleural cavity

77
Q

hydrothorax and hemothorax can lead to what condition?

A

pulmonary edema

78
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity

79
Q

what can occur due to pulmonary edema?

A

cardiac failure and thus, increased capillary pressure

80
Q

where is the inferior lung and parietal pleura along the midclavicular line?

A

lung - 6th rib
pleura - 8th rib

81
Q

where is the inferior lung and parietal pleura along the midaxillary line?

A

lung - 8th rib
pleura - 10th rib

82
Q

where is the inferior lung and parietal pleura along the midscapular line?

A

lung - 10th rib
pleura - 12th rib

83
Q

what is the root of the lung?

A

group of structures that enter and exit the lung at the hilum

84
Q

what are the structures that make up the root of the lung?

A

bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, bronchial artery and vein, lymphatic vessels, nerves

85
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery and vein?

A

circulation between right and left sides of the heart

86
Q

what is the function of the bronchial artery and vein?

A

circulation to lung tissue

87
Q

what are the impressions on the mediastinal surface of the right lung?

A

esophagus, azygos vein, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, cardiac impression

88
Q

what is present in the hilum on the mediastinal surface of the right AND left lungs?

A

pulmonary artery and vein, bronchus, bronchial vessels

89
Q

what are the impressions on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

A

aorta, subclavian artery, 1st rib, left ventricle, trachea, esophagus

90
Q

what is dead space? what is the volume of dead space?

A

air in respiratory tract that does not reach the point of exchange

150 mL

91
Q

what is the path air takes along the tracheobronchial tree?

A

trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - conducting bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - pulmonary alveolus - alveolar duct - alveolar sac

92
Q

what is the first sign of alveoli in the tracheobronchial tree?

A

respiratory bronchioles

93
Q

what is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

portions of the lungs supplied with air by the segmental bronchi

94
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the superior lobe of the right lung?

A

3

95
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

2

96
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the inferior lobe of the right lung?

A

5

97
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the superior lobe of the left lung?

A

5

98
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the inferior lobe of the left lung?

A

5

99
Q

how many pulmonary veins are on each side of the lungs? what is their function?

A

2

carry oxygenated blood to the heart

100
Q

what are the pulmonary arteries that travel to the lungs?

A

lobar and segmental arteries

101
Q

what is compliance? what is it related to?

A

change in volume / change in pressure

elasticity of the lungs

102
Q

what do you need surface tension in the pleural cavity?

A

counteract elasticity/recoil of lungs

103
Q

what is decreased by surfactant?

A

alveolar air-liquid interface

104
Q

what is tidal volume? how much in a healthy adult?

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

500 mL

105
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume? how much in a healthy adult?

A

additional volume of air inhaled beyond tidal volume

2500-3000 mL

106
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume? how much in a healthy adult?

A

additional volume of air exhaled beyond tidal volume?

1000 mL

107
Q

what is residual volume? how much in a healthy adult?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after forceful respiration

500-1000 mL

108
Q

what is inspiratory capcity?

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

109
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

110
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

111
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

tidal volume + residual volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

112
Q

what is the relationship between the blood flowing through the lungs and blood flowing through cardiac output?

A

equal

113
Q

arterial pressures in the lungs are how much greater than the arterial pressures in the systemic circulation?

A

25%

114
Q

what does increased arterial pressure cause in pulmonary circulation?

A

vasodilation

115
Q

higher pressure in the lungs helps prevent what from occuring?

A

edema

116
Q

what is the primary purpose of the lungs?

A

remove CO2 that is generated by oxidative metabolism from the body

117
Q

by removing CO2, the lungs help to do what two things?

A

maintain proper pH in the body and oxygenate venous blood in pulmonary circulation

118
Q

failure to maintain proper body pH results in what conditions?

A

respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

119
Q

gases will diffuse across membranes (i.e., alveoli, capillaries) from what types of areas to what other types of areas?

A

high partial pressure to low partial pressure

120
Q

O2 partial pressures

A

alveoli - 105 mmHg
capillary - 40 mmHg

121
Q

CO2 partial pressures

A

alveoli - 40 mmHg
capillary - 45 mmHg

122
Q

what is the exchange space in the alveoli?

A

0.75 m^2

123
Q

why is O2 saturation in the blood slow than in the alveoli?

A

not all blood in the lungs is oxygenated due to anatomical dead space and effects of gravity on blood flow

124
Q

what lobes of the lungs continuously participate in respiration?

A

lower

125
Q

when do the apex of the lungs participate in respiration?

A

during systole when pressures in capillaries are greater than pressures in alveoli

126
Q

what factor of respiration can be affected by edema in interstitial fluid and lung fibrosis?

A

thickness of respiratory membrane

127
Q

what factor of respiration can be affected by emphysema and lung cancer?

A

surface area of respiratory membrane

128
Q

what does the bronchial artery arise from and where?

A

aorta on left

superior intercostal artery, aorta, or left superior bronchial artery on right

129
Q

what is the function of the bronchial veins?

A

drain a portion of the blood supplied to lungs by bronchial arteries (other deoxygenated blood drains into pulmonary veins)

130
Q

where does the bronchial veins drain into?

A

azygos and hemiazygos venous system

131
Q

where do the parasympathetic fibers come from in the lungs? what are they responsible for?

A

vagus nerve

bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, secretomotor function

132
Q

where do the sympathetic fibers come from in the lungs? what are they responsible for?

A

paravertebral ganglia

bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, inhibition to secretory glands

133
Q

what is the name of the plexus innervates the lungs?

A

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

Anatomy (8 decks)

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