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Anatomy > Abdominal Viscera, Kidneys, Suprarenal Glands > Flashcards

Abdominal Viscera, Kidneys, Suprarenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

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2
Q

what are the planes that separate the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

median, transumbilical

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3
Q

what are the horizontal planes that separate regions of the abdomen?

A

subcostal, transtubercular

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4
Q

what are the regions of the abdomen?

A

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left and right hypochondriac, left and right lumbar, left and right inguinal

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5
Q

what is located within the left upper quadrant?

A

left lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, jejunum, proximal ileum, body and tail of pancreas, left colic flexure, left half of transverse colon, superior part of descending colon

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6
Q

what is located within the left lower quadrant?

A

sigmoid colon, inferior part of descending colon, spermatid cord

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7
Q

what is located within the right upper quadrant?

A

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, pylorus of stomach, duodenum, head of pancreas, right colic flexure, superior part of ascending colon, right half of transverse colon

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8
Q

what is located within the right lower quadrant?

A

cecum, vermiform appendix, inferior part of ascending colon, spermatic cord

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9
Q

what in the gut acts as a syncytium, allowing action potentials to spread in all directions?

A

smooth muscle

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10
Q

what is the rate of electrical activity in the stomach vs the duodenum?

A

stomach - 3/min
duodenum - 12/min

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11
Q

what causes contraction of smooth muscle and lasts longer than typical nerves?

A

spike potentials

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12
Q

what is the structure, and location of the esophagus?

A

structure - muscular tube

location - from pharynx to cardiac portion of stomach, passes into abdomen at T10 through esophageal hiatus

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13
Q

what part of the esophagus helps prevent acid reflux?

A

esophageal sphincter

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14
Q

what organ lies between the esophagus and small intestine?

A

stomach

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15
Q

what is the function of the fundus of the stomach?

A

contract/relax to maintain pressure

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16
Q

what are the functions of the stomach?

A

mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins, chyme production

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17
Q

what are the two main parts of the cardia of the stomach?

A

cardiac orifice, cardiac notch

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18
Q

what is the main structure in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

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19
Q

what is the interior of the stomach comprised of?

A

rugae/gastric folds

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20
Q

what are the four parts of the duodenum?

A

superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

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21
Q

what is the name of the space between the duodenum and jejunum?

A

duodenaljejunal junction

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22
Q

what are the three main parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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23
Q

what are the functions of the small intestine?

A

mix chyme to increase surface area, absorption (duodenum and jejunum)

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24
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine?

A

absorb water/potassium/vitamins, gastroileal reflex, rectosphincteric reflex

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25
Q

what is the gastroileal reflex?

A

opening of ileocecal valve to produce peristalsis of large intestine

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26
Q

what is the rectosphincteric reflex?

A

distension of rectum and relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters

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27
Q

what are the main parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

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28
Q

what are the external parts of the large intestine?

A

omental appendices, haustra, taeniae coli

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29
Q

what is the function of the mesenteries of the intestines?

A

support viscera, passageway for vessels/nerves/lymphatics

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30
Q

where is the potential space in the intestines?

A

between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

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31
Q

what organ is in the retroperitoneal space?

A

pancreas

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32
Q

what are the functions of the spleen?

A

mechanical filtration of red blood cells, lymphatic drainage

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33
Q

what are the two components of the peritoneal space?

A

greater sac, lesser sac

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34
Q

what is contained within the spleen?

A

nodules of b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes

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35
Q

how does the spleen filter red blood cells?

A

macrophages devour abnormal red blood cells in the sinusoids/red cords

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36
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

upper left quadrant, left hypochondriac region

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37
Q

what is the size and weight of the spleen?

A

4 in long, 150-200 g

38
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

break down CHO, protein, and lipids in chyme via pancreatic juice

39
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

produce glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptides via the islets of langerhans

40
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas?

A

head, uncinate process, neck, body, tail

41
Q

what kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

digestive, accessory gland

42
Q

where does the pancreas lie in the abdomen?

A

posterior abdominal wall

43
Q

what is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

44
Q

the liver has two functionally independent parts - what are they? what other lobes make up the liver?

A

right part, left part

caudate, quadrate

45
Q

what vessels are found in the porta hepatis?

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic nerve plexus, hepatic ducts, lymphatic vessels

46
Q

what are the major functions of the liver?

A

amino acid synthesis, CHO metabolism, lipid metabolism, production of coagulation factors, production and excretion of bile, breakdown of hormones and toxic substances, storage of glucose/vitamin d/vitamin b12/certain trace elements

47
Q

what processes occur in the liver during CHO metabolism?

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis

48
Q

what processes occur in the liver during lipid metabolism?

A

cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis

49
Q

what is secreted by the liver? what is it released in response to?

A

bile

cholecystokinin

50
Q

what process occurs due to bile?

A

fat emulsification

51
Q

what are the biliary ducts?

A

common hepatic duct, right and left hepatic ducts, cystic duct, bile duct, main pancreatic duct

52
Q

what is the biliary duct off the gallbladder?

A

cystic duct

53
Q

the portal-systemic anastomosis occurs through which veins?

A

esophageal vein, rectal vein, paraumbilical vein, colic vein

54
Q

what veins drain into the portal vein?

A

splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, left gastric vein

55
Q

what vein drains into the splenic vein?

A

inferior mesenteric vein

56
Q

what is the abnormal accumulation fo abdominal fluids?

A

ascites

57
Q

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the celiac artery?

A

liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, duodenum

foregut

58
Q

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

A

jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon

midgut

59
Q

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

hindgut

60
Q

an organ of excretion, not digestion; retroperitoneal and not supported by mesentery is which organ?

A

kidney

61
Q

which kidney is more superior?

A

left kidney

62
Q

what is the function of the kidney?

A

regulation of body fluids and extracellular volumes

63
Q

how much cardiac output flows through the renal artery?

A

20%

64
Q

entry/exit site of kidney that allows for the passage of the renal vein, renal artery, and ureter?

A

renal hilum

65
Q

what is adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

multiple cysts that destroy kidneys

66
Q

what are signs and symptoms of adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, infections, kidney failure, death

67
Q

what is located within the renal cortex of the kidney?

A

proximal and distal tubules, minor calyx, renal papilla

68
Q

what is located within the renal medulla?

A

loop of henle

69
Q

what is located within the renal sinus?

A

major calyx

70
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

71
Q

what are the two parts of the nephron?

A

cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephron

72
Q

what is the movement of fluid from the glomerular capillaries to Bowman’s space?

A

filtration

73
Q

what is the movement of substances from the nephron to surrounding vessels?

A

reabsorption

74
Q

what is the movement of substances from surrounding vessels into the nephron?

A

secretion

75
Q

what is the equation for urinary excretion?

A

glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion - collecting duct concentration

76
Q

how much does a person urinate/day?

A

1-2 L

77
Q

how much fluid do the kidneys filter/min, known as the glomerular filtration rate?

A

100-120 mL/min

78
Q

how much blood flow is there to the kidneys? circulating blood passes through the kidneys how often? how much plasma do the kidneys filter a day??

A

1.2-1.3 L/min

4-5 min

60x/day

79
Q

what is the equation for glomerular filtrate production?

A

hydrostatic pressure of blood (45 mmHg) - hydrostatic pressure of fluid in urinary space (10 mmHg) + osmotic pressure of blood (20 mmHg)

80
Q

what is excess amounts of urine produced?

A

polyuria

81
Q

what is low urine volume and output (between 50-500 mL/day)?

A

oliguria

82
Q

what is little to no urine output (0-50 mL/day)?

A

anuria

83
Q

how much filtrate is produced per min? how much filtrate is released in calyces as urine?

A

125 mL/min

1 mL

84
Q

how much filtrate is produced per day? how much filtrate is released in calyces as urine?

A

180 L/day

1.5 L

85
Q

what are the two components of the suprarenal gland?

A

suprarenal cortex, suprarenal medulla

86
Q

what innervates the suprarenal medulla?

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

87
Q

what hormones come from the suprarenal medulla? examples?

A

catecholamines

noradrenaline, adrenalin

88
Q

what hormones come from the suprarenal cortex? examples?

A

corticosteroids

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone (salt/blood volume balance), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone feedback loop
glucocorticoids - cortisol (metabolism rate), hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal feedback loop)

89
Q

what is pain due to irritation or distension of the visceral organs that is sensed on the body wall?

A

referred pain

90
Q

what can referred pain be confused with?

A

musculoskeletal pain

Anatomy (8 decks)

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