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Anatomy > Development Weeks 2-8 > Flashcards

Development Weeks 2-8 Flashcards

1
Q

activity during second week of development

A

implantation, formation of embryonic disc and extraembryonic structures

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2
Q

formation of embryonic disc will lead to …

A

hypoblast, epiblast
fetus

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3
Q

formation of extraembryonic structures will lead to …

A

amniotic cavity, amnion, yolk sac, connecting stalk, chorionic sac, uteroplacental circulation, placenta

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4
Q

invasion of syncytiotrophoblast cells and proliferation of cytotrophoblast cells

A

implantation

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5
Q

early embryo is supported by …

A

nutrient-rich development in endometrium

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6
Q

invasion of syncytiotrophoblast cells feeds of ____ ____ and produces ____ ____

A

decidual cells
HCG hormone

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7
Q

most common implantation site

A

posterosuperior wall of uterus

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8
Q

extrauterine implantation causes …

A

ectopic pregnancy, tubal pregnancy, abdominal pregnancy, placenta previa

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9
Q

embryonic disc forms what two layers?

A

epiblast, hypoblast

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10
Q

describe the hypoblast

A

root of exocoelomic cavity, continuous with exocoelomic membrane, forms primary yolk sac

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11
Q

space formed in the embryoblast, lined with amnion layer of cells from epiblast

A

amniotic cavity

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12
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm surrounds what two things?

A

yolk sac, amniotic cavity

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13
Q

what forms in syncytiotrophoblast during the development of uteroplacental circulation?

A

lacunae (spaces)

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14
Q

____ ____ are the primordia of the intervillous spaces of the placenta

A

lacunae networks

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15
Q

lacunae allows embryotroph to nourish the embryo via

A

diffusion

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16
Q

formed by proliferation of cytotrophoblastic cells into the syncytiotrophoblast

A

primary chorionic villi

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17
Q

formed by trophoblast and extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

A

chorion

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18
Q

formerly known as the extraembryonic coelom; changes names during development of chorionic sac

A

chorionic cavity

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19
Q

what is the morphology at the end of the second week?

A

bilaminar embryonic disc
amniotic sac (epiblast forms floor)
yolk sac (hypoblast forms roof)
chorionic sac
connecting stalk

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20
Q

weeks 3-8 in which all major body system begin development

A

organogenetic period

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21
Q

phases of embryonic development

A

growth, morphogenesis, differentiation
*anomalies

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22
Q

developmental event that occurs during the third week

A

changes in embryonic disc
- appearance of primitive streak
- development of notochord
- differentiation of three germ layers

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23
Q

development of three germ layers - called?

A

gastrulation
embryonic ectoderm, embryonic mesoderm, embryonic endoderm

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24
Q

process of the development of body form

A

morphogenesis

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25
Q

thickened linear line of epiblast

A

primitive streak

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26
Q

describe the development of the primitive streak

A

in medial plane
dorsal aspect of embryonic disc
identifies cephalo-caudal, medial-lateral

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27
Q

describe the characteristics of the primitive node

A

located on cranial end
contains the primitive pit

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28
Q

when does the primitive streak normally disappear?

A

end of 4th week

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29
Q

depression in the primitive streak

A

primitive groove

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30
Q

forms from cells on deep surface of primitive streak

A

mesenchyme

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31
Q

cells that make up the embryonic mesoderm

A

mesoblasts

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32
Q

embryonic mesoderm will differentiate into …

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

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33
Q

epiblast cells displace hypoblast cells to create which intraembryonic layer?

A

embryonic endoderm

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34
Q

epiblast cells make up which intraembryonic layer?

A

embryonic ectoderm

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35
Q

describe the notochordal process

A

mesenchymal cells migrate from primitive pit through the notochordal canal, ending at the prechordal plate
no intervening mesoderm
this is the site of future oral cavity
contains a cloacal membrane

36
Q

mesenchyme cells migrate in which direction to the margins of the embryonic disc, making contact with extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

laterally

37
Q

mesenchyme cells migrate in which direction to form the cardiogenic area?

A

cranially

38
Q

embryonic endoderm creates …

A

epithelial linings of respiratory passages and GI tract, linings of glands opening into GI tract and certain glandular cells

39
Q

embryonic ectoderm creates …

A

epidermis, retina, central and peripheral nervous sysems

40
Q

embryonic mesoderm creates …

A

smooth muscle coats, connective tissue, vessels, cardiovascular system, blood cells and bone marrow, skeleton and striated muscle, reproductive and excretory organs

41
Q

events of the 4th week

A

neurulation, formation of somites, appearance of early thorax and abdomen cavities, “folding” of embryo into 3D structure

42
Q

future site of vertebral bodies

A

primordial axis

43
Q

notochord is the basis for development of the ____

A

skeleton

44
Q

notochord process fuses with underlying embryonic mesoderm, which degenerates so that …

A

notochord is in contact with yolk sac, creating the notochordal plate

45
Q

notochordal plate infolds to form the ____, inducing the formation of the ____ ____

A

notochord
neural plate

46
Q

formation of neural plate, neural folds, and closure of neural folds

A

neurulation

47
Q

when does neurulation occur?

A

during 4th week

48
Q

what is the embryo called during neurulation?

A

neurula

49
Q

how does the neural plate form? what does it become?

A

embryonic ectoderm thickens over notochord
CNS

50
Q

how does the neural tube form?

A

neural groove forms from a depression in neural plate
neural folds approximate, separating surface from embryonic ectoderm

51
Q

failure of caudal neuropore to close is called

A

spina bifida

51
Q

neural folds are the first sign of what?

A

brain development

52
Q

failure of cranial neuropore to close is called

A

anencephaly

53
Q

what does the neural crest form from? what happens to it?

A

neuroepithelial cells between the surface ectoderm and neural tube
disperse into mesenchyme

54
Q

what does the neural crest become?

A

sensory ganglia, neurilemma and meningeal coverings, pigment cells, adrenal medulla, skeletal and muscular components of the head

55
Q

somites form due to changes in the intraembryonic mesoderm - what are the layers?

A

paraxial, intermediate, lateral

56
Q

describe the somites that make up the paraxial mesoderm

A

44 pairs of blocks alongside the neural tube
gives rise to axial skeleton and associated muscles and dermis

57
Q

embryonic body cavity becomes …

A

pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, and peritoneal cavity

58
Q

what two structures form a single horseshoe-shaped cavity during the development of intraembryonic coelom?

A

coelomic spaces in lateral mesoderm, cardiogenic mesoderm

59
Q

layers of the lateral mesoderm that the intraembryonic coelom divides into

A

parietal - continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm covering amnion
visceral - continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm covering yolk sac

60
Q

folding of the embryo is caused by what?

A

rapid growth

61
Q

describe the head fold of the embryo

A

brain grows cranially past oropharyngeal membrane to overhand developing heart, moving related future thoracic structures ventrally; part of yolk sac becomes foregut (esophagus, pharynx)

62
Q

describe the tail fold of the embryo

A

connecting stalk moves ventrally, incorporating the hindgut

63
Q

describe the horizontal plane folding of the embryo

A

midgut is incorporated and umbilical cord is formed

64
Q

early development of the cardiovascular system begins in …

A

yolk sac, connecting stalk, chorion

65
Q

describe vasculogenesis

A

angioblasts aggregate to form blood islands and cavities appear and angioblasts form endothelial lining of primitive blood vessels that undergo fusion and growth; blood cells originate from endothelial cells

66
Q

describe the primordial cardiovascular system

A

in cardiogenic area, there are endocardial heart tubes that fuse, joining with blood vessels in embryo, connecting stalk, and yolk sac; heart ‘beat’ on 21st day

67
Q

describe the development of chorionic villi

A

mesenchyme grows into primary villi, and eventually secondary villi. differentiation occurs to create capillaries and blood cells called tertiary chorionic villi. by the end of the third week, blood flows through capillaries. it has a cytotrophoblastic shell with stem villi and branch villi

68
Q

highlights of week 4

A

open neural tube (caudal neuropore by end of week), pharyngeal arches visible, heart pumping blood, forebrain, limb buds, otic pits, lens placodes

69
Q

highlights of week 5

A

rapid growth of head (cephalocaudal principle), limb buds present (UE first), lung buds push into developing thorax, heart separation starts, pharyngeal arches present, mesonephric kidneys

70
Q

highlights of week 6

A

brain cortex areas present, trunk and neck straightening, face developing (lip and palate components), auricular hillocks present (external acoustic meatus), heart and lungs in thorax (separation of pulmonary and aortic outflow), elbow present, myoblasts oriented in parallel to limb buds, digital rays visible in hand plates, radial/median/ulnar nerves invade hand plate

71
Q

highlights of week 7

A

umbilical herniation of intestines, yolk stalk present (formed from folding of embryo), endochondral ossification underway (intercartilaginous) and notches in digital rays

72
Q

highlights of week 8

A

large head, neck noticeable,. umbilical herniation present, 33-34 cartilaginous vertebrae present, upper limbs rotate ventrally, webbed fingers, notches in distal rays of feet, purposeful limb movement, ossification of UE

73
Q

how to estimate embryonic age?

A

ultrasound, greatest length (crown-rump)

74
Q

disruptions via teratogens causes ____ of anomalies

A

7-10%

75
Q

dosage of chemical or drug during critical periods of development (organogenetic period) that affects the genotype of the embryo

A

teratogenesis

76
Q

duration of organogenetic period

A

brain 3-16 wks up to 2 yrs

77
Q

examples of human teratogens

A

cigarette smoking, alcohol, androgens and progestogens, antibiotics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, etc

78
Q

cigarette smoking causes what to an embryo?

A

slow intrauterine development

79
Q

alcohol causes what to an embryo?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome, most common cause of mental disabilities

80
Q

examples of androgens and progestogens that are teratogens

A

oral contraceptives, diethystibesterol

81
Q

antibiotics, like tetracycline and streptomycin, can affect what in an embryo?

A

enamel, hearing

82
Q

examples of anticoagulants and anticonvulsants that are teratogens

A

warfarin, trimethadione, phenytoin

83
Q

environmental chemicals that are human teratogens

A

organic mercury (causes minamata disease - ataxia, sensory loss in distal limbs, weakness)
lead (slow growth)
polychlorinated biphenyls (cognitive development)

84
Q

infectious agents that are human teratogens

A

rubella (cataract, cardiac defects, deafness)
cytomegalovirus (fatal)
herpes simplex virus (skin, eye, brain)
varicella (slow growth, clinodactyly)

85
Q

in high doses, radiation is a human teratogen because it causes …

A

severe mental disabilities

86
Q

maternal factors that are human teratogens

A

PKU (inability to breakdown phenylalanine - amino acid)
diabetes mellitus (if poorly controlled, elevates blood glucose)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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