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Anatomy > Superior, Posterior, Anterior Mediastinum > Flashcards

Superior, Posterior, Anterior Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what space is the superior mediastinum?

A

between thoracic inlet and level of sternal angle (T4-5)

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2
Q

what are the subspaces of the inferior mediastinum?

A

anterior, posterior

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3
Q

what space is the anterior mediastinum?

A

between sternum/transversus thoracis muscles and pericardial sac

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4
Q

what occupies the anterior mediastinum in early childhood?

A

thymus gland

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5
Q

the anterior mediastinum is filled with what structures?

A

loose connective tissue, fat

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6
Q

what vessels branch from the arch of the aorta?

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

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7
Q

the superior mediastinum is filled with what structures?

A

thymus, great vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, prevertebral muscles

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8
Q

what two vessels drain blood into the superior vena cava?

A

left brachiocephalic vein, right brachiocephalic vein

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9
Q

what nerves are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

phrenic nerve, left vagus nerve, right vagus nerve, cardiac plexus

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10
Q

what are the branches of the right and left vagus nerve in the superior mediastinum?

A

right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

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11
Q

what structures are in the posterior mediastinum?

A

thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, esophagus, esophageal plexus, trachea

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12
Q

what level does the trachea bifurcate at?

A

sternal angle

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13
Q

what are branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

costocervical trunk, coronary artery, bronchial artery, esophageal artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery, pericardial artery, mediastinal artery

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14
Q

what are two branches of the costocervical trunk?

A

deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery

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15
Q

what nerves are found in the posterior mediastinum?

A

thoracic sympathetic trunk, lower thoracic splanchnic nerves

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16
Q

what is unique about the lower thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

all are sympathetic preganglionic fibers to abdomen

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17
Q

what are the three components of the thoracic sympathetic trunk?

A

sympathetic ganglion, white ramus communicans, gray ramus communicans

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18
Q

what component of the nerve fiber is in the sympathetic ganglion?

A

postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

what nerve fibers are in the white ramus communicans?

A

preganglionic fibers entering the chain/trunk

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20
Q

what nerve fibers are in the gray ramus communicans?

A

postganglionic fibers exiting the chain/trunk

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21
Q

what vein handles venous drainage for the posterior mediastinum?

A

azygos vein

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22
Q

what are the veins that drain into the azygos vein

A

posterior intercostal vein, mediastinal vein esophageal vein, bronchial vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory hemiazygos vein (can accept blood from left superior intercostal vein)

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23
Q

what do tissues need for perfusion?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide removal, substrates (lipids, glucose, amino acids), ions, hormones

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24
Q

acute blood flow control occurs through which processes?

A

vasodilation, vasoconstriction

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25
Q

long term blood flow control occurs through what structures and processes?

A

change in vessel size, anastomosis, angiogenesis

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26
Q

what system causes vasoconstriction of arterioles and large veins?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

what effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

increase heart rate, increase contractility

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28
Q

resting rate of sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes what?

A

vasomotor “tone”

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29
Q

what is the transmitter substance of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

norepinephrine

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30
Q

sympathetic nervous system is more effective in which organs? it is less effective in which organs?

A

more - kidney, intestines, spleen, skin

less - skeletal muscle, brain

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31
Q

how many liters of fluid is in the intracellular compartment?

A

28 L

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32
Q

how many liters of fluid is in the extracellular compartment?

A

14 L

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33
Q

what is another name for the extracellular compartment?

A

interstitium (cells depend on substances here)

34
Q

how many liters of fluid is in blood plasma?

A

3 L

35
Q

how many liters of fluid is in interstitial fluid?

A

11 L

36
Q

what fluid makes up the extracellular compartment?

A

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid

37
Q

where is transcellular fluid found?

A

synovial, pericardial, peritoneal, and intraocular spaces

38
Q

what makes up blood?

A

hematocrit, blood plasma

39
Q

where is interstitial fluid found? it is the same composition as what other substance, just with less proteins?

A

in the space between cells

plasma

40
Q

what is the interstitium filled with?

A

fluid, fine web/net-like filaments

41
Q

how does ‘free’ fluid pass through interstitium?

A

small channels

42
Q

what does most extracellular fluid diffuse through in the interstituium?

A

‘gel’

43
Q

lymph vessels attach to tissues via what?

A

anchoring filaments

44
Q

lymph vessels have valves - what vessel does this mirror?

A

veins

45
Q

what causes fluid from the interstitial space to enter lymph vessels?

A

anchoring filaments pull on endothelial cells

46
Q

body fluid compartments are separated by cell membranes that have what feature?

A

semi-permeable

47
Q

equilibrium of fluid and substances is maintained by what processes and mechanical factors?

A

diffusion, osmosis, capillary filtration, negative pressure in most interstitial spaces

48
Q

the body is ‘held together’ by what, especially in the superficial fascia layer?

A

negative pressures

49
Q

what substances easily pass through membranes because they are lipid soluble?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

50
Q

what substances easily pass through pores/gated channels in membranes because they are water soluble?

A

water, electrolytes, glucose

51
Q

what substances do not easily pass through membranes because they are large molecules?

A

proteins

52
Q

what is the transfer of substances across capillary membranes due to thermal motion water molecules and dissolved substances?

A

diffusion

53
Q

what is the movement of water across membranes in response to concentration of solutes?

A

osmosis

54
Q

what causes water to flow into capillaries?

A

plasma proteins

55
Q

what causes negative pressure in most interstitial spaces?

A

fluid is trapped in ‘gel’ layer of connective tissue, lymph vessels automatically contract to pump fluid out of space

56
Q

higher pressures/arterial end forces fluid where? lower pressures/venous end forces fluid where?

A

higher - interstitium

lower- vein

57
Q

what supports the lymphatic ‘pump?’

A

low tissue compliance, increased lymphatic flow

58
Q

“wash out” of proteins with increased lymphatic flow in interstitial space reduces what?

A

osmosis, capillary filtration rate

59
Q

what does increased lymphatic flow prevent?

A

positive pressures in interstitial space (can increase 10-50x normal rate)

60
Q

what limits the free flow of fluid?

A

gel-like matrix of tissues (cytoplasm)

61
Q

why does low tissue compliance support the lymphatic pump?

A

small changes in extracellular fluid volume associated with large changes in interstitial pressure which limits capillary filtration rate

62
Q

what is excess fluid in body tissues?

A

edema

63
Q

what causes intracellular edema?

A

ischemia, inflammation, metabolic conditions

64
Q

what leads to increased intracellular concentrations, change in osmotic pressure, and swelling?

A

loss of sodium ion pump in cell membrane

65
Q

what causes extracellular edema?

A

loss of negative pressure in interstitial space

66
Q

what causes increased capillary filtration rates, leading to extracellular edema?

A

kidney disease, heart failure, venous obstruction or failure of venous pump, decreased plasma proteins, inflammation

67
Q

what can lead to kidney disease?

A

retention of salt and water

68
Q

what is the difference between right and left sided heart failure?

A

right - generalized
left - pulmonary

69
Q

what is an example of venous obstruction or failure of venous pump that would cause extracellular edema?

A

paralysis

70
Q

what is an example of decreased plasma proteins that would cause extracellular edema?

A

burns, wounds

71
Q

what is an example of inflammation that would cause extracellular edema?

A

release of histamines

72
Q

what causes impaired lymphatic function (lymphedema)?

A

removal of lymph nodes, cancer, congenital absence of lymph vessels/nodes

73
Q

edema is largely what type of fluid?

A

‘free’

74
Q

‘free fluid’ edema is the basis for what condition?

A

pitting edema

75
Q

edema is dependent on what factor, causing fluid to accumulate in inferior spaces like ankles/feet?

A

gravity

76
Q

what is edema in the potential spaces?

A

effusion

77
Q

where is effusion common in the body?

A

pericardium, peritoneum, synovial joint

78
Q

normal interstitial fluid pressures are positive or negative?

A

negative

79
Q

what is the normal interstitial fluid pressure in the pleural cavity?

A

7-8 mg Hg

80
Q

what is the normal interstitial fluid pressure in the joint spaces?

A

3-5 mg Hg

81
Q

what is the normal interstitial fluid pressure in the pericardium?

A

5-6 mg Hg

82
Q

what can block lymphatic drainage, leading to positive pressures in the interstitium and causing effusion due to a loss of negative pressure ‘suction?’

A

injury, infection

Anatomy (8 decks)

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