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Anatomy > Cardiopulmonary Development > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Development Flashcards

1
Q

where is the laryngotracheal groove located?

A

caudal to 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches

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2
Q

the endoderm is the embryonic origin of what structures?

A

epithelium, glands of larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

the splanchnic mesoderm is the embryonic origin of what structures?

A

connective tissue, cartilage, smooth muscle

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4
Q

what forms from the respiratory diverticulum?

A

lung bud

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5
Q

when does the respiratory diverticulum appear?

A

end of 4th week

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6
Q

what does the visceral pleura develop from?

A

splanchnic mesenchyme

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7
Q

what does the parietal pleura develop from?

A

somatic mesoderm

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8
Q

what do the primary bronchial buds grow laterally into?

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

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9
Q

what do the primary bronchial buds differentiate into? with what embryonic layer?

A

bronchi

splanchnic mesenchyme

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10
Q

primary bronchial buds are the primordium (origin) of what structure in the tracheobronchial tree?

A

main bronchus

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11
Q

when is the pseudoglandular period?

A

6-16 wks

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12
Q

what are defining characteristics of the pseudoglandular period?

A

resembles exocrine gland, no gas exchange

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13
Q

when is the canalicular period?

A

16-26 wks

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14
Q

what are defining characteristics of the canalicular period?

A

lumina of bronchi and bronchioles form, formation of alveolar ducts and terminal saccules, well-vascularized, some gas exchange possible

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15
Q

when is the terminal saccular period?

A

26 wks - birth

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16
Q

what are defining characteristics of the terminal saccular period?

A

more terminal saccules develop, thin alveolar walls, surfactant is secreted

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17
Q

when is the alveolar period?

A

32 wks - 8 yrs

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18
Q

what are defining characteristics of the alveolar period?

A

most of alveoli develop (95% postnatally), tremendous increase in alveoli and capillaries

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19
Q

heart and vessels are derived from what embryonic structures?

A

splanchnic mesoderm, paraxial and lateral mesoderm, neural crest

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20
Q

what forms from the cardiogenic mesoderm?

A

angioblastic cords, heart tubes

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21
Q

the umbilical arteries will later become parts of which arteries?

A

internal iliac artery, superior vesical artery

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22
Q

what is the function of the umbilical artery?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to placenta

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23
Q

the vitelline arteries will later become which arteries?

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery

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24
Q

the dorsal intersegmental arteries will later become which arteries?

A

vertebral arteries, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries, common iliac arteries, lateral sacral arteries

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25
Q

where does the heart and great vessels develop from in the embryo?

A

aortic sac

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26
Q

what are the first recognizable vessels in an embryo? what do they form?

A

paired dorsal aortae

single dorsal aorta

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27
Q

where does the heart begin to develop?

A

cardiogenic area

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28
Q

what are the angioblastic cords? how do they form? where are they?

A

endocardial heart tubes

fuse with lateral folding

superior to endocardium

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29
Q

what layer of the embryonic heart is separated from the heart tube by cardiac ‘jelly’? what does this become in the adult heart?

A

primordial myocardium

myocardium

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30
Q

what is the external surface of the sinus venosus?

A

epicardium

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31
Q

elongation/bending of the heart tube leads to what structure that connects the ventricles to the aortic sac and aortic arches?

A

truncus arteriosus

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32
Q

what embryonic structure will form the right ventricle?

A

bulbus cordis

33
Q

what embryonic structure will form the left ventricle?

A

bulboventricular loop

34
Q

what structures are dorsal on the embryonic heart?

A

atrium, sinus venosus

35
Q

what structures are ventral on the embryonic heart?

A

truncus arteriosus, ventricle

36
Q

what area does the heart tube fold into?

A

pericardial cavity

37
Q

what structures develop away from the embryonic heart?

A

dorsal aorta

38
Q

what structures develop towards the embryonic heart?

A

common cardinal veins (to embryo), umbilical veins (to placenta), vitelline veins (to yolk sac)

39
Q

the first heart beat is also known as what of the sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricle?

A

peristaltic contractions

40
Q

the ventricle leads to what structures?

A

bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic arch

41
Q

when does partitioning of the primordial heart occur?

A

end of 4th wk

42
Q

what structure lies within the atrioventricular canal?

A

endocardial cushions

43
Q

what is the function of the endocardial cushions? how and where do they form?

A

form valves and membranous septa

fuse and divide AV canal into right-left sides by forming from the dorsal to ventral walls of the AV canal

44
Q

the primordial atrium is separated by what two structures?

A

septum primum, septum secundum

45
Q

what does the septum primum do to separate the atria into right and left halves?

A

grows toward the endocardial cushions

46
Q

what is the foramen primum? what is its function?

A

opening between crescentic edge and endocardial cushions

shunts blood from right to left atrium

47
Q

what occurs when the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions?

A

foramen primum disappears

48
Q

what is the foramen secundum? what is its function?

A

performations in the central part of the septum primum

shunts blood from right to left atrium

49
Q

where does the septum secundum grow? what is its function?

A

to the right of the septum primum

covers foramen secundum as a flap valve to create the oval foramen

50
Q

what are the pressures in the atria before birth?

A

right - high pressure
left - low pressure

51
Q

what are the pressures in the atria after birth?

A

right - low pressure
left - high pressure

52
Q

what are the main changes to the sinus venosus during embryonic heart development?

A

enlargement of right horn, left horn becomes smaller

53
Q

what occurs from the enlargement of the right horn of the sinus venosus?

A

shunt becomes left to right, will become wall of right atrium

54
Q

what occurs from the smaller left horn of the sinus venosus?

A

will become coronary sinus

55
Q

the primary pulmonary vein will develop during embryonic heart development - what is it an outgrowth of?

A

dorsal atrial wall

56
Q

the primary pulmonary vein will become incorporated into what structure?

A

wall of left atrium

57
Q

what forms to partition the primordial ventricle?

A

primordial interventricular septum

58
Q

how does the primordial interventricular septum form? what does it form?

A

crescentic fold from floor of ventricle

forms muscular part of septum

59
Q

where is the interventricular foramen? what occurs to close this space?

A

between IV septum and fused endocardial cushions

closed by fusion of bulbar ridges and endocardial cushions

60
Q

where is the membranous part of the septum?

A

between right side of endocardial cushion to IV septum

61
Q

the bulbar ridges and truncal ridges develop from what embryonic cells?

A

neural crest mesenchyme

62
Q

what is the name of the right bulbus cordis after partitioning?

A

conus arteriosus

63
Q

what is the name of the left bulbus cordis after partitioning?

A

aortic vestibule

64
Q

during the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus, the bulbar ridges and truncal ridges spiral, creating what structure? what vessels does this form?

A

aorticopulmonary septum

aorta, pulmonary trunk

65
Q

what develops from the swellings of the subendocardial tissue?

A

semilunar and AV valves

66
Q

what are the four main types of anomalies of the heart and great vessels?

A

atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, transposition of great arteries, tetralogy of fallot

67
Q

what are types of atrial septal defects?

A

patent oval foramen, ostium secundum defect, endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect, sinus venosus defect, common atrium

68
Q

what are types of ventricular septal defects?

A

membranous ventricular septal defect, muscular ventricular septal defect

69
Q

which septal defect is known as “swiss cheese vsd?”

A

muscular ventricular septal defect

70
Q

what leads to transposition of the great arteries?

A

linear septation so that the pulmonary artery and aorta are coming off the wrong chambers

71
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

type of ventricular septal defect that causes pulmonary stenosis, leading to dextroposition of aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy

72
Q

fetal blood circulation occurs through which vein?

A

umbilical vein

73
Q

what vessels does the umbilical vein drain into?

A

ductus venosus, inferior vena cava

74
Q

during fetal circulation, what where does the inferior vena cava shunt blood?

A

left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

75
Q

what happens to the small amount of blood in the right atrium and right ventricle during fetal circulation?

A

ductus arteriosus

76
Q

what parts of the body receive well-oxygenated blood after fetal circulation?

A

heart, head, neck, upper limbs

77
Q

what four main events occur in neonatal circulation?

A

aeration of lungs, oval foramen closes, ductus arteriosus constricts, umbilical arteries constrict

78
Q

what occurs due to aeration of lungs in neonatal circulation?

A

fall in pulmonary vascular resistance (increase in pulmonary blood flow), thinning of walls of pulmonary arteries

Anatomy (8 decks)

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