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Anatomy > Gametogenesis and Fertilization > Flashcards

Gametogenesis and Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

formation and development of specialized sex cells (haploid) through meiosis

A

gametogenesis

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2
Q

gametogenesis in males

A

spermatogenesis

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3
Q

gametogenesis in females

A

oogenesis

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4
Q

problems with gametogenesis result in chromosome abnormality disorders - types?

A

numerical, structural

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5
Q

explain the process of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (diploid, x23 pairs single chromatid chromosomes, one autosome pair and one sex link pair) in the testis undergoes DNA replication to become a primary spermatocyte (diploid, x23 pairs double chromatid chromosomes). This daughter cell undergoes a meiotic division in which DNA is replicated to create 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid, x23 double chromatid chromosomes). They each will undergo another meiotic division but DNA is not replicated to become 4 spermatids (haploid, x23 single chromatid chromosomes). To become a mature sperm, they will undergo a process called spermiogenesis.

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6
Q

explain the process of oogenesis

A

Primary oocyte (diploid, x23 pairs double chromatid chromosome) is located in the ovary. It is wrapped in primary follicular cells which will continue to grow around the primary oocyte. The zona pellucida will form between the primary oocyte and the follicular cells. After the first meiotic division, the antrum will separate the secondary oocyte (haploid, x23 double chromatid chromosomes) in mature follicles and an outer layer of follicular cells. The first polar body is also now present. After the second meiotic division, a second polar body is present in the oocyte, which is surrounded by the corona radiata to allow for sperm to enter and begin fertilization.

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7
Q

describe DNA molecules in humans

A

46 chromosomes, 22 homologous autosome pairs and 1 sex-linked pair

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8
Q

XX

A

female sex link

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9
Q

XY

A

male sex link

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10
Q

paired strand of nucleotides (base pairs)

A

DNA

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11
Q

chromosomes are composed of …

A

DNA molecules

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12
Q

coding sequence on a chromosome of nucleotide base pairs for protein production

A

genes

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13
Q

paired DNA molecules aka double chromatid chromosomes

A

diploid

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14
Q

single DNA molecule aka single chromatid chromosome

A

haploid

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15
Q

each molecule in a diploid pair is called a

A

chromatid

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16
Q

only occurring in gametes, this is a process of 2 divisions without an intervening period of DNA replication

A

meiosis

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17
Q

what is the state of the gamete prior to the first meiotic division?

A

diploid # of chromosomes (23 pairs of single chromatid chromosomes), 22 autosomes and 1 sex-linked that originate from one chromosome from each parent

DNA is replicated (x2 to x4) to form diploid # of chromosomes (23 pairs of double chromatid chromosomes)

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18
Q

what occurs during the first meiotic division?

A

reduction division (x4 to x2) and the formation of haploid # of chromosomes (23 single chromatid chromosomes)

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19
Q

what occurs during the second meiotic division?

A

separation of chromatids, reduction division (x2 to x1), formation of haploid # of chromosomes (23 single chromatid chromosomes)

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20
Q

errors in morphogenesis, not all of which are clinically significant; human birth defects

A

congenital anatomic abnormalities

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21
Q

____ of newborns have single minor anomalies

A

14%

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22
Q

____ of newborns have clinically significant anomalies

A

3%

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23
Q

____ of newborns have major multiple defects, causing ____ of infant deaths

A

0.7%, 20%

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24
Q

abnormal shape, form or position due to mechanical stress

A

deformation

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25
Q

abnormal organization of cells into tissues; non-specific and affects several organs

A

dysplasia

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26
Q

structural abnormalities of any type, including malformation and disruption

A

congenital anomaly

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27
Q

intrinsically abnormal development (i.e., genetic etiology)

A

malformation

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28
Q

extrinsically-induced abnormal developement (i.e., environmental etiology)

A

disruption

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29
Q

study of causes, mechanisms, patterns of abnormal development with genetic and environmental factors

A

teratology

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30
Q

malformations cause ____ of anomalies, ____ of those with known causes

A

1/3, 85%

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31
Q

chromosomal abnormalities are common in malformation - types?

A

numerical, structural

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32
Q

failure to disjoin; disproportionate # of chromosomes of DNA distributed to daughter cells during meiosis, resulting in too many or too few chromosomes

A

nondisjunction

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33
Q

nondisjunction is a type of which anomaly?

A

malformation (structural or numerical)

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34
Q

meiosis is dependent upon … of chromosomes or DNA to daughter cells

A

equal distribution

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35
Q

types of numerical chromosome abnormalities

A

turner syndrome, trisomy of autosomes, trisomy of sex chromosomes

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36
Q

describe turner syndrome

A

45,X (missing a sex-link chromosomes) only occurring in female phenotype

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37
Q

trisomy 18 =

A

edward’s syndome

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38
Q

trisomy 13 =

A

patau syndrome

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39
Q

trisomy 21 =

A

down syndrome

40
Q

describe some physical characteristics of an individual with trisomy 21 (down syndrome)

A

mental deficiency, brachycephaly, flat nasal bridge, upward slant to palpebral fissures, protruding tongue, simian crease, clinodactyly of 5th digit, congenital heart defect

41
Q

describe some physical characteristics of an individual with klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY
tall, long lower limbs, gynecomastia, intellectual defects, aspermatogenesis

42
Q

trisomy of sex chromosomes

A

not detected until puberty
may be ‘normal’ in appearance

43
Q

types of structural chromosome abnormalities

A

translocation, deletion, duplication, inversion, nucleic acid substitutions on DNA

44
Q

transfer of one piece of a chromosomes to a nonhomologous chromosomes

A

translocation

45
Q

which structural chromosome abnormality is associated with a number of cancers?

A

translocation

46
Q

part of a chromosome is lost

A

deletion

47
Q

example of deletion

A

cri du chat syndrome (deletion on chromosome 5)

48
Q

example of duplication

A

fragile X syndrome (CGG triplet repeated 200 times on FMR1 gene of X chromosome)

49
Q

what does fragile x syndrome affect and what does it cause?

A

development of synapses
most common cause of mental disabilities

50
Q

structural chromosome abnormality that does not usually cause malformation

A

inversion

51
Q

example of nucleic acid substitution on DNA, specifically on fibroblast growth gene

A

achondroplasia

52
Q

describe nucleic acid substitutions

A

spontaneous
error in replication
error during DNA repair
chemical or radiation induced

53
Q

describe achondroplasia

A

Originating from a mutation during spermatogenesis, the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3 has a mutation. This abnormality is autosomal dominant.

54
Q

primitive sex cells that undergo mitotic division

A

spermatogonia

55
Q

cells that undergo reduction division

A

primary spermatocytes

56
Q

cells that divide to form 4 haploid spermatids

A

secondary spermatocytes

57
Q

spermiogenesis

A

transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

58
Q

where is sperm stored?

A

epididymis

59
Q

ductus deferens experiences ____ ____ to transport sperm, in which fluid is added by seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

A

peristaltic contractions

60
Q

transport of sperm to urethra, a sympathetic response

A

emission

61
Q

expulsion from urethra

A

ejaculation

62
Q

in regard to ejaculate, how many sperm are there?

A

200-600 million deposited, 200 million survive

63
Q

alteration of membrane proteins due to an acrosome reaction

A

capacitation

64
Q

proliferate by mitotic division in early fetal life

A

oogonia

65
Q

describe the components of the primary oocyte

A

It is formed before birth and doesn’t complete its first meiotic division until adolescence. This is when the primordial follicle develops into the primary follicle during puberty. It also contains the zona pellucida.

66
Q

describe the components of the primary follicle

A

contains primary oocyte and theca folliculi (interna and externa)

67
Q

describe the components of the secondary follicle

A

antrum (with follicular fluid), primary oocyte, cumulus oophorus

68
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

69
Q

describe the menstrual phase

A

4-5 days
sloughing off of the functional layer of the endometrium

70
Q

describe the proliferative phase

A

9 days
growth of ovarian follicles stimulated by estrogen secretion
proliferation of endometrium

71
Q

describe the luteal phase

A

13 days
formation, function, and growth of the corpus luteum

72
Q

describe the ischemic phase

A

no pregnancy
ischemia, venous stasis, detachment of endometrium

73
Q

when does menopause occur?

A

48-55 years old

74
Q

ovulation is triggered by what?

A

surge in luteinizing hormone ~ mid cycle

75
Q

when is secondary oocyte expelled? when does it form? what does it form?

A

ovulation
after 1st meiotic division
first polar body

76
Q

formed by the walls of theca interna and ovarian follicle

A

corpus luteum

77
Q

function of corpus luteum

A

secrete progesterone, stimulates change in endometrium

78
Q

scar on ovary as a remnant of ovulation

A

corpus albicans

79
Q

3 main female reproductive organs

A

uterus, uterine tube, ovaries

80
Q

describe the parts of the uterus

A

body (fundus, isthmus, layers), cervix

81
Q

layers of the body of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

82
Q

qualities of the endometrium

A

compact, spongy, basal lining

83
Q

describe the parts of the uterine tube

A

horns, ampulla

84
Q

describe oocyte transport from the ovary to the uterus

A

fimbriated end of uterine tube approximates ovary, fimbriae sweep secondary oocyte into uterine tube, uterine tube peristalsis occurs to move oocyte into uterus

85
Q

describe the process of fertilization

A

In the ampulla, sperm passes through the corona radiata and undergoes a zonal reaction to penetrate the zona pellucida. Plasma membranes of the sperm and oocyte fuse, and the oocyte will undergo its second meiotic division and expel the second polar body. The male pronucleus and ootid will form, coming together to create a zygote

86
Q

describe the cleavage of the zygote

A

Repeated mitotic divisions of blastomeres that occurs in the uterine tube and will compact, forming a morula with an inner cell mass and outer cell layer

87
Q

embryoblast will become …

A

embryo

88
Q

trophoblast will become …

A

embryonic placenta

89
Q

the inside of the morula that is present ~ day 4

A

blastocyst cavity

90
Q

thin outer layer of blastocyst

A

trophoblast

91
Q

describe the attachment to the endometrium

A

~ day 6, there are changes in trophoblast which creates the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, which has projects that push into the endometrium. This creates a hypoblast layer on the surface of the blastocyst cavity, becoming the primitive endoderm

92
Q

describe dizygotic twins

A

This hereditary occurance originates from 2 zygotes and the fertilization of 2 oocytes. There are 2 amnions and 2 chorions, one around each fetus.

93
Q

describe monozygotic twins

A

Fetuses that are the same sex and genetically identical. This occurs through division of embryoblast into 2 embryonic primordia in blastocyst stage. They have separate amniotic sacs but a common chorionic sac and placenta.

94
Q

embryologists describe stages of development starting at date of fertilization to date of birth (266 days/38 weeks)

A

fertilization age

95
Q

clinicians describe stages of development starting at date of onset of last menstrual period to date of birth (280 days/40 weeks)

A

gestational age

96
Q

weeks 0-8 fertilization age
weeks 0-10 gestational age

A

embryonic period

97
Q

weeks 9-38 fertilization age
weeks 11-40 gestational age

A

fetal period

Anatomy (8 decks)

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