Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OS > Thoracic & Lumbar Spinal Mechanics > Flashcards

Thoracic & Lumbar Spinal Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal spinal curvatures?

A

Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacral kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lateral Gravitational Line

A 
External auditory canal
Head of Humerus
L3
Anterior 1/3 of sacrum
Lateral malleolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thoracic vertebra features

A

Medium size body
Heart shaped
Costal facets present
Long spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lumbar vertebra features

A

Kidney shaped body

Short & broad spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up a vertebral unit?

A

Two adjacent vertebrae & their associated intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the rules of 3s?

A

Refers to the location of the spinous process in relation to the transverse process in the thoracic spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rule of 3 for T1-T3

A

Spinous process located at corresponding level of transverse process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rule of 3 for T4-T6

A

SP located 1/2 segment below corresponding TP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rule of 3 for T7-10

A

SP located @ level of TP 1 vertebra below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rule of 3 for T11

A

SP is 1/2 segment below corresponding TP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rule of 3 for T12

A

SP located @ same level as corresponding TP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Superior facet orientation for Cervical region

A

BUM

Backwards, upward, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Superior facet orientation for thoracic region

A

BUL

Backwards, upward, lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Superior facet orientation for lumbar region

A

BM

Backward, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Strong, fibrous band that connects anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies & IV discs

**prevents hyperextension (limits extension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Weaker band that runs in vertebral canal along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

Resists hyperflexion & prevents posterior herniation of nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Connects laminae of adj vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

Connects adj SP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intertransverse ligaments

A

Connect TP of adj vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lumbar region ligaments

A 
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Iliolumbar ligament
Anterior sarco-iliac ligaments
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rotatores longus & brevis muscles

A

Longus: TP to SP to 1 vertebra above
Brevis: TP to SP of adj vertebra

*extend thoracic spine (unilateral rotate thoracic spine to opp side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Multifidus m

A

Mostly in lumbar region-along SP, skips 2-4 vertebrae (TP to SP)

Extend spine (flex spine unilaterally & rotate to opp side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Semispinalis m

A

TP to SP

Extends thoracic & cervical spines & head (unilateral bending of head & rotate spine to opp side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is coupled motion?

A

Consistent association of a motion along or about one axis, with another motion about or along a 2nd axis

The principle motion CANNOT be produced without the assoc motion occurring as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is linkage?

A

Relationship of joint mechanics w/ surrounding structures (linking multiple joints together increases ROM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vertebral motion

A

Motion is always referenced to anterior/superior surface of vertebra

Excessive motion is in reference to vertebra above in a functional vertebral unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a restrictive barrier?

A

Functional limit within the anatomical range of motion (abnormally diminishes physiologic ROM)))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the elastic barrier?

A

Range between physiologic & anatomic barriers (end of passive motion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Outcome of restrictions of motions in the spine

A

Reduced efficiency
Impair flow of fluids
Alter nerve function
Creates structural imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Freyette’s Principles (spinal motion mechanics)

A

Freyette described spinal motion in 1918 (applied to thoracic & lumbar region)

**3rd principle in 1948 by CR Nelson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Type 1 Spinal Mechanics

A

In the neutral range, side bending & rotation are coupled in opposite directions (rotation is toward convexity of the spine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Example of type 1 spinal mechanics

A

Rotate left, side bend right for a GROUP of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Type 2 spinal mechanics

A

In sufficient flexion or extension, side bending & rotation are coupled in the same direction (rotation toward concavity)

Tends to be a single vertebra

34
Q

SD for type 1 spinal mechanics

A
  1. Locate vertebrae/group
  2. Indicate position (N=neutral)
  3. Indicate side bending
  4. Indicate rotation

T 1-3 N S R

35
Q

SD for type 2 spinal mechanics

A
  1. Locate vertebrae/group
  2. Indicate position (flex or extend)
  3. Indicate side bending
  4. Indicate rotation
36
Q

3rd spinal motion mechanics principle

A

Initiating movement of vertebral segment in any 1 plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in other planes of motion

37
Q

SD according to 3rd principle

A

If motion is restricted in 1 direction, motion will also be restricted to other directions (vice versa for improvements in motion)

38
Q

Testing for spinal SD

A
  1. Push anterior on right & left TP (rotational movement in transverse plane)
  2. Side bend L & R (restriction or ease of motion in 1 direction)
39
Q

If you translate a TP to the right…

A

Induces left sidebending

40
Q

Scapular spine

A

T3 TP & SP

41
Q

Inferior angle of scapula

A

SP of T7 & TP of T8

42
Q

Iliac crest

A

Level of L4 vertebra

43
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

more common in females (2% of pop)

44
Q

Dextroscoliosis

A

Convexity to right (frames the heart)

45
Q

Levoscoliosis

A

Convexity to the left (obscures the heart)

46
Q

PE for Scoliosis

A

Asymmetry of sacral base
Rib cage prominences & leg length discrepancies
Cobb angle & Forward bending test
Scoliometer

47
Q

Management of scoliosis w/ OMT

A

Cobb angle

<25: conservative, monitor w/ X rays
25-45: non-operative, use braces
>50: surgical fusion to prevent progression

48
Q

Complications assoc w/ scoliosis

A

Cobb angle

> 50: respiratory compromise
75: cardiac compromise

49
Q

What could be indicated from mechanical lower back pain w/ radiation of pain below knee?

A

Herniated nucleus pulposus
Spinal stenosis
Cauda equina

50
Q

How do you assess mechanical lower back pain?

A

Straight leg raise test

+ test=pain (reproducing symptoms)…if between 15-30 degrees will indicate lumbar disc etiology

51
Q

Herniated L4-L5 disc

A

Pain in hip, thigh, anterolateral leg, first 3 toes

Weak dorsiflexion & difficult to walk on heel

Diminished to absent internal hamstring reflex

52
Q

Herniated L5 to S1 disc

A

Pain in hip & posterolateral thigh & from leg to heel

Weak plantarflexion & difficult to walk on toes

Atrophy in gastrocnemius & soleus

Ankle jerk diminished or absent

53
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Bilateral lower limb pain
Neurogenic claudication
Typically chronic

*use MRI & straight leg test

54
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Pain w/ Dermatome distribution
Typically acute, may become chronic

Use MRI & straight leg test

55
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

EMERGENT-usually traumatic

Impaired neuro function (saddle anesthesia, lower extremity weakness & diminished reflexes, urinary retention)

**MRI

56
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital anomalies where neural tube fails to completely close

57
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of neural tube to close w/o herniation

58
Q

Meningocele

A

Failure of neural tube to close w/ protrusion of meninges thru the defect

59
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Failure of neural tube to close w/ protrusions of meninges & spinal cord thru defect

60
Q

What to look for on lateral lumbar vertebrae

A

Vertebral bodies
Lines (anterior, posterior, SP)
IV discs

61
Q

Sacralization

A

One of both TPs of L5 articulate w/ sacrum

62
Q

Lumbarization

A

Failure of S1 to fuse w/ rest of sacrum

63
Q

Spina bifida (on X-ray)

A

Defect in closure of lamina

64
Q

Spondylosis

A

Bony spurs (at top & bottom of vertebrae bodies)

65
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Look for “dog” fracture

66
Q

Spondylolithesis

A

Fracture & dislocation (slipping of 1 vertebra on another)

67
Q

Vagus N

A

Heart, lungs, esophagus, upper GI, small intestines, kidneys, ascending & transverse colon, upper ureter

68
Q

S2-S4 nerves

A

Colon, rectum, reproductive organs, bladder, pelvis, lower ureter

69
Q

T1-T5 sympathetic

A

Head & neck

70
Q

T1-T6 sympathetics

A

Heart

71
Q

T1-T7 sympathetics

A

Lungs

72
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

Lower genitourinary, bladder, uterus & cervix, LE, prostate, urethra & erectile tissues

73
Q

T5-T10 sympathetics

A

Upper GI (includes lower esophagus)

74
Q

T9-T11 sympathetics

A

Small intestine & ascending colon

75
Q

T10-L2 sympathetics

A

Ascending & transverse colon

76
Q

T12-L2 sympathetics

A

Descending colon & rectum

77
Q

T5-T10 sympathetics

A

Adrenal glands

78
Q

T10-L2 sympathetics

A

Genitourinary tract (includes bladder)

79
Q

T10-T11 & T12-L2 sympathetics

A

Upper ureter & lower ureter

80
Q

T2-T7 & T11-L2 sympathetics

A

Upper & lower extremities

OS (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions