Thoracic final flash card

Question 1

k. This muscle forms the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles and right atrium.

Answer 1

pectinate muscle

Question 2

l. This is the depression in the interatrial septum and is associated with blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth

Answer 2

oval fossa

Question 3

m. These are anastomosing muscular ridges of myocardium present in both right and left ventricles.

Answer 3

trabeculae carne

Question 4

n. These are “cone-shaped” or “nipple-shaped” muscle of the myocardium and extend from the anterior posterior ventricular walls and the septum. They function to prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valves to prevent regurgitation of blood.

Answer 4

papillary muscles

Question 5

ii. These attach to the apices of the muscle identified in n. and help prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valves by attaching to the cusps of these valves.

Answer 5

chordae tindenae or tendinous cords

Question 6

o. In what chamber of the heart would you find the moderator band?

Answer 6

right ventricle

Question 7

A deep vein thrombosis in the right profunda femoris vein (deep femoral vein) breaks free and becomes an embolus.

Trace the path indicating major vessels that this embolus will take to its final destination.

Answer 7

profunda femoris vein-> femoral vein -> external iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium of heart -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery ->lung

Question 8

q. What two arteries supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood?

Answer 8

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Question 9

what is the main venous structure draining the myocardium of deoxygenated blood into right atrium

Answer 9

coronary sinus

Question 10

what percentage of population has an SA nodal artery that originates from the RCA

Answer 10

RCA= right coronary artery

60%

Question 11

what percentage of the population have an SA nodal artery that originates from the circumflex branch of LCA

Answer 11

LCA= left coronary artery

40%

Question 12

the artery supplying the AV node is called _______________ and originates (typically) from the ______________ coronary artery

Answer 12

t. The artery supplying the AV node is called __AV nodal artery__ and originates (typically) from the _right__ coronary artery.

Question 13

list the coronary artery branches that would supply deoxygenated blood to the right and or left bundle branches

Answer 13

1. posterior interventricular artery (supplies to posterior third of the interventricular septum
2. left coronary artery (supplies interventricular septum)
3. anterior interventricular artery (supplies the anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum

Question 14

what coronary artery supplies blood to the AV bundles

Answer 14

left coronary artery

Question 15

identify the heart structure that is associated with the listed parts of the heart’s conduction system

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. AV bundle
4. right and left bundle branches
5. purkinje fibers

Answer 15

1. SA node= right atrium - at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium near the superior end of the sulcus terminalis
2. AV node= right atrium - interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus
3. AV bundle= passes through the fibrous skeleton f the heart and along the membranous part of the interventricular septum
4. right and left bundle branches= interventricular septum
5. purkinje fibers= typically in the myocardium of the ventricles

Question 16

the electrical impulse conduction speed slows as the impulse is conducted from the AV node to the AV bundle,

What structural feature of the fibers connecting AV node to AV bundle cause the slowing of electrical impulse conduction speed

Answer 16

the fibers have small diameters, have fewer gap junctions, and slower voltage gated ion channels

Question 17

why is it important for the electrical impulse conduction speed to slow down between AV node and AV bundle

Answer 17

to ensure that the ventricles adequately fill with blood before ventricles contract

Question 18

The right and left bundle branches carry electrical impulse to the apex of the heart, and then is carried up the ventricular wall

why is this anatomical relation important for the functioning of the heart

Answer 18

this ensures maximum volume of blood is ejected from the ventricles through the semilunar valves

Question 19

what type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary (lobar bronchi)

Answer 19

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 20

what type of epithelium is found in the tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Answer 20

simple columnar with few pseudostratified ciliated cells

Question 21

what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Answer 21

simple cuboidal cells with cilia (few to no cilia) and clara cells

Question 22

what type of epithelium is found in respiratory bronchioles

Answer 22

simple cuboidal cells with cilia and clara cells (few to no cilia)

Question 23

what type of epithelium is found in the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Answer 23

simple squamous

Question 24

what histological property of respiratory system is responsible for decreasing the intrathoracic (intrapulmonary) pressure during exhalation

Answer 24

elasticity due to abundant elastic connective tissue fibers

Question 25

what type of cartilage forms the incomplete rings of the trachea

Answer 25

hyalin

Question 26

where within the respiratory tract, would hyaline cartilage be sparse to none

Answer 26

tertiary (Segmental ) bronchi

Question 27

what type of muscle is found in extending from the trachea all the way to the alveoli of the lungs does this muscle contract or relax with sympathetic activity does this muscle contract or relax with parasympathetic activity

Answer 27

smooth muscle it RELAXES with sympathetic activity it CONTRACTS with parasympathetic activity

Question 28

contrast bronchodilation with bronchoconstriction

Answer 28

bronchodilation= widening of airways due to smooth muscle relaxation (sympathetic) bronchoconstriction = narrowing of the airways due to contraction of smooth muscle ( parasympathetic)

Question 29

what is produced by goblet cells in respiratory tract

Answer 29

mucus

Question 30

where in the respiratory tract airways do goblet cells become sparse

Answer 30

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 31

what is produced by type II pneymocytes

Answer 31

surfactant

Question 32

how does surfactant help prevent atelectasis

Answer 32

it reduces intrapulmonary surface tension, which is a collapsing force

Question 33

during what days (weeks) of gestation is surfactant produced

Answer 33

begins at week 24 and continues to increase until week 35

Question 34

what happens to lung elasticity with emphysema

Answer 34

elasticity is reduced

Question 35

what type of epithelium makes up the outer surface of the pleural membranes what is the specific name given to the epithelium

Answer 35

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium (same as the pericardial membranes)

Question 36

what feature of the trachea indicates its division into right and left primary bronchi

Answer 36

carina

Question 37

why are foreign bodies more prone to pass into right primary bronchus than into left

Answer 37

it is wider than left and has a more direct extension of trachea