Thoracic final flash card
k. This muscle forms the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles and right atrium.
pectinate muscle
l. This is the depression in the interatrial septum and is associated with blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth
oval fossa
m. These are anastomosing muscular ridges of myocardium present in both right and left ventricles.
trabeculae carne
n. These are “cone-shaped” or “nipple-shaped” muscle of the myocardium and extend from the anterior posterior ventricular walls and the septum. They function to prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valves to prevent regurgitation of blood.
papillary muscles
ii. These attach to the apices of the muscle identified in n. and help prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valves by attaching to the cusps of these valves.
chordae tindenae or tendinous cords
o. In what chamber of the heart would you find the moderator band?
right ventricle
A deep vein thrombosis in the right profunda femoris vein (deep femoral vein) breaks free and becomes an embolus.
Trace the path indicating major vessels that this embolus will take to its final destination.
profunda femoris vein-> femoral vein -> external iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium of heart -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery ->lung
q. What two arteries supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood?
right coronary artery and left coronary artery
what is the main venous structure draining the myocardium of deoxygenated blood into right atrium
coronary sinus
what percentage of population has an SA nodal artery that originates from the RCA
RCA= right coronary artery
60%
what percentage of the population have an SA nodal artery that originates from the circumflex branch of LCA
LCA= left coronary artery
40%
the artery supplying the AV node is called _______________ and originates (typically) from the ______________ coronary artery
t. The artery supplying the AV node is called __AV nodal artery__ and originates (typically) from the _right__ coronary artery.
list the coronary artery branches that would supply deoxygenated blood to the right and or left bundle branches
- posterior interventricular artery (supplies to posterior third of the interventricular septum
- left coronary artery (supplies interventricular septum)
- anterior interventricular artery (supplies the anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum
what coronary artery supplies blood to the AV bundles
left coronary artery
identify the heart structure that is associated with the listed parts of the heart’s conduction system
- SA node
- AV node
- AV bundle
- right and left bundle branches
- purkinje fibers
- SA node= right atrium - at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium near the superior end of the sulcus terminalis
- AV node= right atrium - interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus
- AV bundle= passes through the fibrous skeleton f the heart and along the membranous part of the interventricular septum
- right and left bundle branches= interventricular septum
- purkinje fibers= typically in the myocardium of the ventricles
the electrical impulse conduction speed slows as the impulse is conducted from the AV node to the AV bundle,
What structural feature of the fibers connecting AV node to AV bundle cause the slowing of electrical impulse conduction speed
the fibers have small diameters, have fewer gap junctions, and slower voltage gated ion channels
why is it important for the electrical impulse conduction speed to slow down between AV node and AV bundle
to ensure that the ventricles adequately fill with blood before ventricles contract
The right and left bundle branches carry electrical impulse to the apex of the heart, and then is carried up the ventricular wall
why is this anatomical relation important for the functioning of the heart
this ensures maximum volume of blood is ejected from the ventricles through the semilunar valves
what type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary (lobar bronchi)
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
what type of epithelium is found in the tertiary (segmental) bronchi
simple columnar with few pseudostratified ciliated cells
what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
simple cuboidal cells with cilia (few to no cilia) and clara cells
what type of epithelium is found in respiratory bronchioles
simple cuboidal cells with cilia and clara cells (few to no cilia)
what type of epithelium is found in the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
simple squamous
what histological property of respiratory system is responsible for decreasing the intrathoracic (intrapulmonary) pressure during exhalation
elasticity due to abundant elastic connective tissue fibers
what type of cartilage forms the incomplete rings of the trachea
hyalin
where within the respiratory tract, would hyaline cartilage be sparse to none
tertiary (Segmental ) bronchi
what type of muscle is found in extending from the trachea all the way to the alveoli of the lungs
does this muscle contract or relax with sympathetic activity
does this muscle contract or relax with parasympathetic activity
smooth muscle
it RELAXES with sympathetic activity
it CONTRACTS with parasympathetic activity
contrast bronchodilation with bronchoconstriction
bronchodilation= widening of airways due to smooth muscle relaxation (sympathetic)
bronchoconstriction = narrowing of the airways due to contraction of smooth muscle ( parasympathetic)
what is produced by goblet cells in respiratory tract
mucus
where in the respiratory tract airways do goblet cells become sparse
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
what is produced by type II pneymocytes
surfactant
how does surfactant help prevent atelectasis
it reduces intrapulmonary surface tension, which is a collapsing force
during what days (weeks) of gestation is surfactant produced
begins at week 24 and continues to increase until week 35
what happens to lung elasticity with emphysema
elasticity is reduced
what type of epithelium makes up the outer surface of the pleural membranes
what is the specific name given to the epithelium
simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium (same as the pericardial membranes)
what feature of the trachea indicates its division into right and left primary bronchi
carina
why are foreign bodies more prone to pass into right primary bronchus than into left
it is wider than left and has a more direct extension of trachea
