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Anatomy PA > Final 2.0 > Flashcards

Final 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Be able to list all the structures that pass through the FORAMEN ROTUNDUM

A

Trigeminal V2- Maxillary branch

NO ARTERIES OR VEINS

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2
Q

Be able to list all the structures that pass through the FORAMEN OVALE

A

Trigeminal V3 -Mandibular branch;

lesser petrosal nerve= branch of CN 9

emissary veins
Accessory meningeal artery

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3
Q

Be able to list all the structures that pass through the JUGULAR FORAMEN

A

Glossopharyngeal IX,

Vagus X,

Accessory Spinal XI,

internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinuses

meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

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4
Q

Be able to list all the structures that pass through the FORAMEN SPINOSUM

A

Middle Meningeal Artery

meningeal branch of mandibular nerve- V3

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5
Q

Be able to list all the structures that pass through the SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

A

Oculomotor III,

Trochlear IV,

Abducens VI,

Trigeminal V1 - opthalamic division branches

  • lacrimal n
  • frontal n.
  • nasociliary n.

ophthalmic vein

sympathetic nerve fibers

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6
Q

Sensory VS Motor VS Both

A

Some Say Money Matters But my Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

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7
Q

CN1 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Olfactory- 1

info= Sensory

superior nasal cavity-> olfactory bulb-> olfactory tract -> brain

passes through cribriform plate and

innervates nasal epithelium of superior nasal cavity -

Lesion: shearing at cribriform plate causes loss of smell (anosmia)

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8
Q

CN 2 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Optic

Sensory

exits via the optic canal

innervates the retina

lesion= blindness

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9
Q

CN 3 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Oculomotor

Motor

through cavernous sinus exits via superior orbital fissure

innervates -

  • superior/middle/inferior rectus,
  • inferior oblique,
  • levator palpebrae

lesion- diplopia, ptosis, strabismus

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10
Q

CN 4 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Trochlear

Motor

through cavernous sinus exits via superior orbital fissure

innervates superior oblique

Lesion- diplopia, ptosis?, strabismus
paralysis of superior oblique= inferior/lateral mvmt of eye

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11
Q

CN 5 - Nerve - S/M/B - path- branches - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

V1- sensory - ophthalmic division exits via superior orbital fissure

V2 - sensory - maxillary division exits foramen rotundum then through the infraorbital foramen

  • two branches
    1. zygomatic
    2. infraorbital n. (goes through infraorbital foramen)

V3 - sensory/motor - mandibular nerve exits via foramen ovale through the infratemporal fossa
branches
1. ariculotemporal
2. long bucal n.
3. lingual n.
4. inferior alveolar nerve -> goes through mental foramen= mental n.

LESION: Trigeminal neuralgia (hurts like a b), weakness with muscles of mastication

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12
Q

CN 6 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Abducens

Motor

through cavernous sinus exits via superior orbital fissure,

innervates lateral rectus

Lesion: lateral rectus paralyzed, eye drifts medially, diplopia and strabismus

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13
Q

CN 7- Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Facial nerve

Both

exits via internal acoustic meatus and exits stylomastoid foramen,

innervates anterior ⅔ tongue, muscles of facial expression

Lesion: Bell’s Palsy, loss of taste from anterior two-thirds

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14
Q

CN 8 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear

Sensory

exits via the internal acoustic meatus and stays

innervates: hearing and equilibrium (middle ear)

Lesion: loss of hearing, vertigo = world spinning

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15
Q

CN 9 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Glossopharyngeal

Both

exits via the jugular foramen,

Innervates posterior 1/3 tongue (taste and sensory), pharynx, parotid gland, stylopharyngeus muscle, carotid sinus and carotid bodies, sensory info for tympanic membrane

Lesion: dysphagia, impaired sensation posterior ⅓ of tongue palate and pharynx, absent gag reflex

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16
Q

CN 10 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation- lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Vagus

Both

Exits: down jugular foramen and follows carotid sheath through neck into thorax,

Innervates: heart, respiratory smooth muscle, abdominal viscera, muscles of larynx

laryngeal palsy (if damaged before it gives off recurrent laryngeal)

Lesion: dysphasia, dysphonia, problems with palate and pharynx paralysis, problems with esophageal motility, problems with parasympathetic nervous system

DEATH IF CUT BOTH

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17
Q

CN 11 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/innervation - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Spinal accessory

Motor

enters foramen magnum, exits jugular foramen,

Innervates: SCM & trapezius

Lesion: paralysis of SCM, inability to shrug shoulders or turn head against resistance; torticollis (twisting of neck causing head to rotate/tilt)

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18
Q

CN 12 - Nerve - S/M/B - path/function - lesion (tried to combine questions)

A

Hypoglossal

Motor

exits via hypoglossal canal,

Innervates tongue

Lesion: partial paralysis of tongue & dysphagia

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19
Q

Know the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid from its creation to its absorption.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is made in the choroid plexus WHICH ARE IN FLOORS OF BOTH LATERAL VENTRICLE, ROOF OF 3RD VENTRICLE AND SOME 4TH VENTRICLE

Travels through interventricular foramina-> Enters 3rd ventricle

Travels through cerebral aqueduct/aqueduct of Sylvius-> Enters 4th ventricle

Travels through lateral apertures-> medial aperture->

Fills subarachnoid space and bathes external brain/ spinal cord

Is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi at the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS which shuttles the CSF to the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses.

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20
Q

Be able to define myotome, sclerotome, and dermatome

A

Myotome - muscles served by a single spinal nerve root

Sclerotome - any of the paired block-like segments of the mesoderm alongside the neural tube - vertebrae and ribs innervated by a single nerve root

Dermatome - any area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

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21
Q

Hip Flexors

A

You get to Flex TRIPS if you get a good GPAA

Tensor fasciae latae, 
Rectus femoris, 
Iliacus,
Psoas, 
Sartorius,

Gracilis
Pectineus,
Adductor brevis,
Adductor magnus,

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22
Q

Hip Extensors

A 
Biceps femoris, 
Gluteus maximus,
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus (superficial)
Semimembranosus (deep to semitendinosus)

Extend your shoe By Getting A Shoe Stretcher

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23
Q

Hip ABDuctors

A

gluteus medius,
gluteus minimus,
tensor fascia latae

same as medial rotators

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24
Q

Hip ADDuctors

A 
Adductor longus, 
Adductor brevis, 
Adductor magnus, 
Gracilis, 
Pectineus,

Add A GAP

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25
Q

Internal rotators of the hip (medial rotation)

A

gluteus medius,
gluteus minimus,
tensor fascia latae

same as hip ABDuctors

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26
Q

External Rotators of the hip (lateral rotation)

A 
Quadratus femoris,
Gluteus maximus muscle
Obturator externus, 
Piriformis, 
Gemelli, 
Obturator internus,

Quit Getting Overwhelmed, Please Get On it…
lol a little negative when I thought of this one

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27
Q

7 bones that make the orbit of the eye

A

Sphenoid, Frontal, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Maxilla, Palatine

So Far Zeus Lacks Eternal Maximal Power

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28
Q

Chambers of the Inner Ear

A

Scala vestibuli - perilymph

Separated by REISSNER’S MEMBRANE (vestibular membrane)

Scala media- bounds the cochlear duct - endolymph

Separated by BASILAR MEMBRANE

Scala tympani - perilymph

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29
Q

Membranes of the Inner Ear

A

Vestibular membrane (reissner’s membrane)- separates scala vestibuli from cochlear duct

Tectorial membrane- forms covering over cochlea
- SUPERIOR TO BASILAR

Basilar membrane- supports/anchors cochlea
- ORGAN OF CORTI SITS ON BASILAR

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30
Q

innervation of both the internal and external anal sphincters including the spinal segments that give rise to that innervation

A

Internal anal sphincter - innervated by the autonomic nervous system- visceral
- parasympathetic = S2-4
- Sympathetic= T12-L2
NO PAIN

External anal sphincter - innervated by the pudendal nerve (S2-S4) - somatic
PAIN

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31
Q

Know where fertilization typically occurs.

A

ampulla of the uterine tube

32
Q

Know how culdocentesis works, how it is performed, and why.

A

Culdocentesis checks for abnormal fluid in the space posterior to the vagina.

Via posterior vaginal fornix and up in uterorectal pouch.

Culdocentesis is used to detect hemoperitoneum (blood in the peritoneum) following blunt abdominal trauma.
- usually caused by rupture of the uterine tube in a tubal pregnancy

33
Q

Pelvic inlet shapes

A

Gynecoid - Round shaped= most common

Android - Heart shaped

Platypelloid - oval transverse diameter larger

Anthropoid -oval with A-> P diameter larger

34
Q

Pelvic Angles male vs female pubic angle

obturator foramen for males vs females

A

Female >80 degrees
Male <70

obturator foramen males= round
females= oval

35
Q

measure aperture

A

Diagonal Aperture (measured by placing the tip of the middle finger at the sacral promontory and noting the point on the hand that contacts the pubic symphysis)

only one that can be measured

36
Q

Know the retroperitoneal organs

A

SAD PUCKER

Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)

Aorta and inferior vena cava

Duodenum (2nd and 3rd part only)

Pancreas

Ureters and Urinary Bladder

Colon (ascending and descending large intestine) -note: transverse colon is NOT retroperitoneal

Kidneys

Esophagus

Rectum

37
Q

Know the arterial supply to and from the organs of digestion.

A

-Celiac Trunk (foregut) → Left Gastric Artery, Splenic Artery, Common Hepatic Artery
foregut= esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum

-Superior Mesenteric (midgut)
midgut= distal duodenum through proximal 2/3 transverse colon

-Inferior Mesenteric (hindgut)
hindgut= distal 1/3 transverse colon through superior portion of anal canal

38
Q

Know the chambers and valves of the heart.

A

Chambers=

  • R atrium
  • L atrium
  • R ventricle
  • L ventricle

valves:

  • tricuspid / right AV valve= R atrium / R ventricle
  • pulmonary= R ventricle / pulmonary trunk
  • mitral / bicuspid / left AV valve= L atrium/L ventricle
  • Aortic valve= L ventricle / ascending aorta
39
Q

Know the arterial supply to the heart chamber by chamber - Left Side

A

Left Coronary Artery: divides into the Circumflex and Left Anterior Descending (Anterior Interventricular Artery)

Circumflex= left atrium and side & back of left ventricle

LAD= front & bottom of left ventricle and the front of the septum

40
Q

Know the arterial supply to the heart chamber by chamber - Right Side

A

Right Coronary Artery: supplied the right atrium & ventricle and the bottom of the left ventricle and the back of the septum

SA Node: fed by right coronary artery (60%)

AV Node: fed by right coronary artery

41
Q

Know the muscles of the rotator cuff and their actions.

A
  • “SITS” functions to stabilize the glenohumeral joint by compressing the humeral head against the glenoid (all C5,C6)
  • Supraspinatus - Abduction at the shoulder
  • Infraspinatus - Lateral Rotator arm + aids in extension of the arm at shoulder
  • Teres Minor - Lateral Rotator + assists in adduction /extension of the arm at should joint
  • Subscapularis - Medial Rotator at shoulder joint
42
Q

Know positions of the following female structures: uterus, vagina, broad ligament, round ligament, ovarian ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, myometrium

A

Round ligament connects the front of the uterus to the groin region (abdominal wall)-> inguinal canal.- help keep uterus anteverted

uterus= superior/inferior ish to the bladder- anteverted position

vagina= posterior to bladder

broad ligament = double layered fold enveloping pelvic organs

mesovarium= portion of broad ligament of uterus that suspends ovaries

mesosalpinx= mesentery of uterine tubes

mesometrium= messentery of uterus

ovarian ligament= ovary to the lateral aspect of uterus

43
Q

Know the vascular supply to and from the gonads - Arterial

A

Males: abdominal aorta to right and left testicular arteries

Female: abdominal aorta to right and left ovarian arteries
uterus is via the uterine artery of common iliac artery

44
Q

Know the vascular supply to and from the gonads - Venous

A

Male: inferior vena cava to right testicular vein; left drains into left renal vein first then IVC

Female:
Right side= R ovarian vein-> IVC
left side= L ovarian vein-> L renal vein -> IVC

45
Q

Understand which muscles move the ribs - Inspiration

A

Levator Costarum: Elevate the ribs in inspiration

External Intercostal: Elevate the ribs during forced inspiration

46
Q

Understand which muscles move the ribs - Expiration

A

Internal Intercostal: Depress the Ribs/Forced Expiration

47
Q

Understand how the ribs move during breathing

A

Anterior Aspect of Ribs (sternal ends) and sternum: Pump Handle Motion

Lateral Aspect of Ribs: Bucket Handle Motion

when this happens A-> P diamter increases

48
Q

Know the boundaries/borders of the following pelvic structures: Pelvic Inlet

A

Pelvic inlet: also called pelvic brim

the ala and sacral promontory, 
AND
Right and left linea terminalis 
- arcuate line,  
- pectineal line (pecten pubis)
- pubic crest and 
- pubic symphysis
49
Q

Know the boundaries/borders of the following pelvic structures: Perineum

A 
Perineum: 
roof - pelvic diaphragm, 
floor - fascia and skin,
anteriorly - pubic symphysis, 
posteriorly - coccyx,
 laterally - ischiopubic rami and sacrotuberous ligament
50
Q

Know the boundaries/borders of the following pelvic structures: urogenital triangle

A

Urogenital triangle:
the anterior half of the diamond shaped perineum;

defined by the pubis symphysis anterioly

ischial tuberosities anterolaterally;
anterolateral borders are ischiopubic rami

posterior border is transverse perineal muscles

51
Q

Know the boundaries/borders of the following pelvic structures: Anal Triangle

A

Anal triangle: formed on both sides by the internal margins of the sacrotuberous ligaments, anterioly by the perineal membrane and inferiorly by the coccyx, superior roof is the levator ani muscles

??

52
Q

Know the boundaries/borders of the following pelvic structures: Ischiorectal fossa

A

Ischiorectal fossa: roof - levator ani muscles, floor - deep transverse perineal fossa, medial wall - external anal sphincters and levator ani, lateral wall - ischial tuberosity, obturator internus muscle and obturator fascia????

53
Q

Know the glands present in the duodenum and what they produce.

A

Brunner’s glands - secrete a bicarbonate rich (alkaline) solution to help neutralize the acidic stomach chyme entering the duodenum - BICARB

pancreas and duodenum secrete bile, lipase, and amylase into duodenum (descending part) via the major duodenal papilla (hepatopancreatic ampulla)

54
Q

Know the glands present in the stomach and what they produce.

A

Parietal cells - secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen

Enteroendocrine cells (G-Cells)- secrete gastrin

Goblet cells - secrete mucus

55
Q

Know the glands present in the pancreas and what they produce.

A

Exocrine glands - Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase, amylase, tripsinogen and bicarbonate) into pancreatic duct

Endocrine glands - Islet of Langerhans (beta and alpha): secretes hormones (insulin - beta cells and glucagon - alpha cells) into the bloodstream

56
Q

Know the vascular supply to the thyroid gland - Arterial

A

Superior Thyroid Artery: branch off anterior branch of external carotid artery; runs antero-inferior to infrahyoid muscle

Inferior Thyroid Artery: largest branch off the thyrocervical trunk

57
Q

Know the vascular supply to the thyroid gland. - Venous

A

Venous drainage is formed by the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins which make a thyroid plexus.

Superior and middle veins drain into the internal jugular, and the inferior vein drains into the brachiocephalic trunk.

58
Q

Know the location and placement of the hyoid bone.

A

Anterior part of the neck at the level of the C3 vertebra in the angle between the mandible (just below the mandible; mandible protrudes more anterior to the hyoid) and the thyroid cartilage.

59
Q

Know the ligaments of the knee and leg.

A 
ACL
PCL
Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus
Medial Collateral
Lateral Collateral
Transverse
Patellar Ligament
60
Q

Know the innervation of the forearm extensors

A

radial nerve

Injury= can’t move =wrist drop

61
Q

Know the general fates of the 3 layers of the trilaminar disk - Ectoderm

A

epithelial cells (epidermis) and all neural tissues

62
Q

Know the general fates of the 3 layers of the trilaminar disk - Endoderm

A

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system; certain organs including the colon, stomach, small intestine, lungs, liver, thyroid and pancreas

63
Q

Know the general fates of the 3 layers of the trilaminar disk - Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

64
Q

Know how sympathetic pathways reach structures in the abdomen or pelvis.

A

Thoraco- abdominal nerves:

  • T7-T11
  • T7-T9 lateral + anterior cutaneous branches
  • most abundant

Subcostal nerve:

  • T12
    - >Anterior and lateral branch
    - >Right below umbilicus

Iliohypogastric (superior) and ilio- inguinal nerves (inferior):

  • L1
  • Inguinal region
65
Q

what joints make up the pelvis (pelvic girdle)

A

sacro iliac joint

pubic symphysis

lumbosacral joint

sacrococcygeal joint

66
Q

What makes up the sacro iliac joint

A
  • synovial joint with limited mobility
    anteriorly= synovial
    posteriorly= syndesmosis= fibrous connective tissue
  • sacral cartilage= hyaline cartilage
  • iliac cartilage= fibrocartilage
67
Q

general info regarding sacro iliac joint

A

supports weight of upper body/ transmits weight to hips and thus lower limbs

68
Q

what makes up the pubic symphysis

A

Pubic symphysis - secondary cartilaginous joint: fibrocartilage

consists of fibrocartilage discs

  • discs wider in women
  • helps form pubic arch
69
Q

what makes up the lumbosacral joint

A

Lumbosacral - symphysis: fibrocartilage

it is Lf-S1 with intervertebral disc to form this joint

70
Q

what makes up the sacrococcygeal joint

A

Sacrococcygeal - secondary cartilagenous joint = fibrocartilage symphysis (amphiarthrotic)

joins the coccyx to the sacrum

71
Q

what is route of the following to the heart

superior messenteric vein

inferior messenteric vein

A

superior messenteric-> hepatic portal vein-> central vein-> IVC

inferior messenteric-> splenic vein-> hepatic portal vein

azygous drains posterior thoracoabdominal wall

72
Q

what are the 3 layers of the tilaminar disk

A

Ectoderm –

Mesoderm –

Endoderm –

73
Q

what is the fate of the ectoderm

A

becomes epithelial cells (epidermis) and neural tissues

74
Q

what is the fate of the mesoderm

A

Mesoderm – everything in between - bones, muscles, limbs

  • > Intermediate becomes kidney and gonads
  • > Lateral - splanchnic (circulatory system), somatic (body cavity, pelvis, limb bones), extra embryonic
  • > paraxial (somite) mesoderm= head and somite
    - > somite becomes sclertome (cartilage), syndotome (tendons), myotome (skeletal muscle), endothelial cells, dermatome (dermis/skeletal muscle)
75
Q

what is the fate of the endoderm

A

Endoderm – tissues and organs associated with mucus membranes

Anatomy PA (12 decks)

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