more head and neck

Question 1

What are the six walls of the tympanic cavity?

Answer 1

tegmental, jugular, membranous, labyrinthine, mastoid, and carotid

carotid is associated with opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Question 2

What are the embryonic cells that give rise to the middle ear ossicles?

Answer 2

neural crest cells

Question 3

What pharyngeal arch are each of the middle ear ossicles associated with?

Answer 3

incus/malleuls= 1st arch

stapes= 2nd arch

Question 4

which middle ear ossicle is associated with oval windoq

Answer 4

stpaes

Question 5

66. What nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

Answer 5

CNV3 mandibulr n.

Question 6

What nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?

Answer 6

CN VII facial

Question 7

67. what is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 7

equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmosphere

Question 8

what type of cartilage helps form the pharyngotympanic tube

Answer 8

elastic

Question 9

68. What membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct?

Answer 9

vestibular membrane

Question 10

What membrane overlies the spiral organ?

Answer 10

tectorial membrane

Question 11

What membrane supports or anchors the spiral organ and also helps separate the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?

Answer 11

basilar membrane

Question 12

a. 65-year-old female patient slips on the ice on her driveway while taking her groceries from her car. A fracture occurs at the pterion injuring the middle meningeal artery. Arterial blood collects between the external periosteal layer of her dura mater and calvaria. The extravasated blood strips her dura mater from the cranium.

Answer 12

extradural (epidural) hematoma

Question 13

b. 23-year-old male patient is hit on the head by a bat during a softball game. He gets up and resumes activity. Later he develops “the worst headache of his life.” Bridging veins are ruptured and venous blood accumulates in the junction between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

Answer 13

dural border (subdrual) hematoma

Question 14

71. Identify if the following describes overproduction of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, or interference of CSF absorption and type of hydrocephalus:
    a. blocked flow in the right interventricular foramen. Indicate what ventricles are affected.
    b. congenital defect of arachnoid granulations.

Answer 14

a. obstruction of CSF flow right lateral ventricle

b. interference of CSF absorption communicating hydrocephalus

Question 15

in what space is CSF located

Answer 15

subarachnoid space

Question 16

ptosis

Answer 16

drooping or falling (eyelid)

Question 17

miosis

Answer 17

extreme constriction of pupil

Question 18

aniscoria

Answer 18

unequal right and left pupil sizes

Question 19

mydriasis

Answer 19

dilation of pupil

Question 20

strabismus

Answer 20

movement of eyeball medially or laterally, the eyes do not align with each other

Question 21

diplopia

Answer 21

double vision

Question 22

nystagmus

Answer 22

involuntary eye movement

Question 23

anosmia

Answer 23

cant smell

Question 24

tinnitus

Answer 24

ringing noise in ear

Question 25

anopia

Answer 25

interruption of visual field or no vision

Question 26

Mary Ellen is hit in the head by a falling tree. A year passes and Mary Ellen exhibits the following symptoms: She has ringing (tinnitus) in her right ear for the past year, as well as intermittent episodes of feeling that the room was spinning around her. Additionally, she has had diplopia and strabismus for the last year. Which of Mary Ellen’s cranial nerves is likely damaged?

Answer 26

Vestibulocochlear n= CN VIII

Question 27

Horace is out squirrel hunting and gets bit by a tick. He thinks nothing of it. Later he develops the following symptoms: facial muscle paralysis, loss of taste, decreased salivation, and inability to close his eyes.
Which of Horace’s cranial nerves is likely damaged?

Answer 27

facial nerve - CN VII

Question 28

Bobbi Jo is hit in the head with a baseball and has the following symptoms: She has loss of sensation in the right side of her mouth and paralysis of the right masseter muscle which makes chewing impossible on that side of the mouth.
Which of Bobbi Jo’s cranial nerves is likely damaged?

Answer 28

trigeminal nerve

CN V

Question 29

Granny has a stroke that leaves her with the following symptoms: difficulty swallowing, loss of sensation in the throat, loss of taste, difficulty talking, increased heart rate and high blood pressure.

Answer 29

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Question 30

Elmer Gene has a run-in with some drunks at a local bar. In the fight, Elmer Gene is hit in the head with a pool cue and an empty whiskey bottle. He can no longer stick out his tongue; he has anosmia, anopia in the right eye, and is deaf in the left ear. What cranial nerves are damaged?

Answer 30

CN I- olfactory
CNII - optic
CN VIII- Vestibulocochlear
CN XII - hypoglossal

Question 31

Jim Bob is bucked off his mule and he recovers from his head injury with the exception of the following symptoms: ptosis of the left eyelid, dilation of the left pupil, loss of near vision in the left eye, cannot move eyeball superiorly. Which of Jim Bob’s cranial nerves is likely damaged?

Answer 31

CN III occulomotor

Question 32

75. Identify the type of neuroglia based on the description of its basic function and location.
    • forms myelin in the CNS
    • forms myelin in the PNS
    • helps form the blood brain barrier
    • found in the brain ventricular system these help form and circulate CSF
    • found in the autonomic ganglia
    • specialized macrophages

Answer 32

1. oligodendrocyte
2. schwann cells
3. astrocytes
4. ependymal
5. satellite cells
6. microglial cells

Question 33

a. define decussation.

Answer 33

The crossing of axons from one side of the brain or spinal cord (i.e., CNS) to the opposite side.

Question 34

b. Indicate if the upper facial muscles and lower facial muscles are unilaterally or bilaterally innervated.

Answer 34

Upper facial muscles are bilaterally innervated; lower facial muscles are unilaterally innervated.

Question 35

c. If injury occurs to the facial nerve would this typically affect muscles of the upper face, lower face, or both upper and lower face?

Answer 35

This would affect both upper and lower facial muscles.

Question 36

d. If injury occurs in the area of the cerebrum that controls facial muscles would this typically affect muscles of the upper face, lower face, or both upper and lower face?

Answer 36

This would typically affect only muscles of the lower face.

Question 37

• What type of sensory information is carried by the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 37

pain and temp

Question 38

• Where (spinal cord or brainstem) does decussation, occur in the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 38

spinal cored

Question 39

• Injury occurs to the spinal cord affecting the right spinothalamic tract. Would sensory deficit be on the right (ipsilateral) or left (contralateral) side of the patient’s body?

Answer 39

contralateral

Question 40

• What type of sensory information is carried by the dorsal column?

Answer 40

proprioception and two point discrimination

Question 41

• Where (spinal cord or brainstem) does decussation occur in the dorsal column? brainstem

Answer 41

brainstem

Question 42

• Injury occurs to the spinal cord affecting the right dorsal column. Would sensory deficit be on the right (ipsilateral) or left (contralateral) side of the patient’s body?

Answer 42

ipsilateral

Question 43

motor information is sent via the lateral corticospinal tract. Where (spinal cord or brainstem) does decussation occur in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 43

brainstem

Question 44

• Injury occurs to the spinal cord affecting the right lateral corticospinal tract. Would motor deficit be on the right (ipsilateral) or left (contralateral) side of the patient’s body?

Answer 44

ipsilateral