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Anatomy PA > Neck problem set > Flashcards

Neck problem set Flashcards

1
Q

What are the alphanumeric designations for the typical cervical vertebrae? What are the alphanumeric designations for the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

Typical are C3-C6

Atypical are C1-C2 and C7

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2
Q
  • Vertebral body: small; inferior surface is convex; superior surface is concave
  • Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in shape
  • Transverse process: has foramina transversaria, a passage for vertebral vein and artery (typically, only vertebral vein passes through the C7 foramina transversaria)
  • Spinous process: bifid
A

C3-C6

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3
Q
  • Ring-like
  • No spinous process
  • No body
  • Right and left lateral masses
  • Anterior arch
  • Posterior arch
  • Superior articular facets-form atlanto-occipital joint
  • Has a groove for vertebral artery
A

C1

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4
Q
  • has a “peg-like” projection, the dens (odontoid process) that projects superiorly
  • Dens has an anterior articular facet for the anterior arch of C1
  • Dens has a posterior articular facet for the transverse ligament of the atlas
A

C2

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5
Q
  • The vertebra prominens
  • Long spinous process
  • Spinous process is not bifid
  • Large transverse processes
  • Small foramina transersaria
A

C7

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6
Q

At what cervical vertebrae level would you typically find the hyoid bone

A

C3

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7
Q

The hyoid bone is suspended by muscles that connect to bones or bone processes. List these bones or specific bone processes.

A

styloid process of temporal bone
manubrium of sternum
scapule

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8
Q

What bone processes does the stylohyoid ligament attach to?

A

styloid process of temporal bone

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9
Q

– Anterior: posterior sternocleidomastoid m.
– Posterior: anterior trapezius m.
– inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle between sternocleidomastoid m. and trapezius m.
– Apex: where sternocleidomastoid m. and trapezius m. Meet on the superior nuchal line of occipital bone
– Roof: investing layer of deep cervical fascia
– Floor: muscles covered by prevertebral layer of deep fascia

A

lateral cervical region = posterior cervical triangle

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10
Q

– Anterior: median line of the neck
– Posterior: anterior sternocleidomastoid m.
– Superior: inferior border of mandible
– Apex: jugular notch in the manubrium
– Roof: subcutaneous tissue containing the platysma m.
– Floor: pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland

A

anterior cervical region = anterior cervical triangle

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11
Q 
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene
Sometimes the inferior part of anterior scalene

What region contains these

A

lateral cervical region or posterior cervical triangle

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12
Q 
Lateral branches of thyrocervical trunk
Part of the subclavian a.
Suprascapular a.
Cervicodorsal trunk
-	Superficial cervical a.
-	Dorsal scapular a.
Ascending cervical a.
Inferior thyroid a.

what neck region contains these

A

lateral cervical region or posterior cervical triangle

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13
Q

External jugular vein (unites with subclavian v.)
Cervical dorsal v.
Suprascapular v.

A

lateral cervical region or posterior cervical triangle

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14
Q 
Spinal accessory (CN XI)
Roots of the brachial plexus (anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1)
Suprascapular n.
Roots of the cervical plexus (Anterior rami of C1-C4)
Ansa cervicalis n.
Lesser occipital n.
Greater auricular n. 
Transverse cervical n.
Supraclavicular n.
Phrenic n.
A

lateral cervical region or posterior cervical triangle

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15
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes lie along external jugular vein
Deep cervical lymph nodes lie along internal jugular vein in carotid sheath.

A

lateral cervical region or posterior cervical triangle

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16
Q

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

what region of neck

A

anterior cervical region

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17
Q

Submental triangle
-Submental lymph nodes
Submandibular triangle
-Submandibular lymph nodes

what region of neck

A

anterior cervical region

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18
Q

Submandibular triangle
-Submandibular gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid

what region of neck

A

anterior cervical region

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19
Q

– Common carotid arteries
• Right—from brachiocephalic trunk
• Left—from aortic arch
– Internal and External carotid arteries
• Six branches of the external carotid a.
• Carotid sinus—dilation of the proximal internal carotid a.; innervated primarily by CN IX (carotid sinus nerve); baroreceptor reflex
• Carotid body—chemoreceptors; detect changes in blood gases; innervated primarily by CN IX (carotid sinus nerve)

what region of neck

A

anterior cervical region

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20
Q

internal jugular vein

what neck region

A

anterior cervical region

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21
Q

platysma

what is its attachment, innervation , action

A

attachment: inferior border of mandible and subcutaneous tissue of infra and supra clavicular tissue
innervation: cervical branch of facial nerve CN 7

action: bring skin around lower part of mouth -> down and out
- tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible

22
Q

A 40-year-old man had thyroid surgery to remove his papillary carcinoma. The external laryngeal nerve that accompanies the superior thyroid artery is injured. What would injury to this nerve affect in terms of the muscle and its action

A

cricothyroid muscle a tensor of the vocal ligaments

23
Q

A 30-year-old woman with a goiter must have her superior laryngeal artery ligated before surgical resection of the goiter. What nerve accompanies the superior laryngeal artery?

A

internal laryngeal nerve

24
Q

A 21 year-old man is injured when an assailant shoots him in the neck. The 21-year-old man has injury to his phrenic nerve. What spinal roots are associated with the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5

25
Q

A 21 year-old man is injured when an assailant shoots him in the neck. The 21-year-old man has injury to his phrenic nerve. What muscle does the phrenic nerve pass by in the neck?

A

anterior scalene muscle

26
Q

A 16 year-old singer complains of vocal difficulty, and on examination she is unable to abduct the vocal cords during quiet breathing. What muscle is paralyzed?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

27
Q

A 75-year-old woman has difficulty in swallowing. What pair of muscles is most important in preventing food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A

oblique arytenoid muscles and aryepiglottic muscles

28
Q

A 52-year-old man has difficulty in speaking. He cannot elevate his hyoid bone and floor of his mouth due to paralysis of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. What nerve innervates this muscle?

A

posterior belly of digastric muscle is innervated by cranial nerve 7- facial nerve

29
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

CN V- V3 mandibular division

30
Q

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeous muscle

A

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

31
Q

what nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscle

A

ansa cervicalis

32
Q

The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex involves the contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and is evoked by touching the back of the pharynx. Afferent fibers that innervate the pharyngeal mucosa are branches of what nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

33
Q

A 46-year-old man experiences pain when moving his tongue, pharynx, and larynx. He has paralysis of three muscles that attach to the styloid process. What are these three muscles and what nerve innervates each of these muscles?

A
  1. stylohyoid muscle - facial nerve
  2. sytloglossus muscle- hypoglossal nerve
  3. styloopharyngeus muscle - glossopharyngeal nerve
34
Q

A 16-year-old boy requires a low tracheotomy. This is done below the isthmus of the thyroid gland. What vein may be encountered when performing a low tracheotomy?

A

inferior thyroid vein

35
Q

A 20-year-old woman presents with a swelling on her neck and examination reveals infection of the carotid sheath. What structures would be potentially affected?

A 
internal jugular vein,
 vagus nerve, 
common carotid artery, 
internal carotid artery, 
glossopharyngeal nerve of carotid sinus and carotid body, 
sympathetic nerve fibers, 
deep cervical lymph nodes.
36
Q

A cricothyrotomy is performed on a 13-year-old boy. Answer the following questions based on this case.

What ligament has to be pierced?
What is the space between the vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages?

A
  1. cricothyroid ligament

2. rima glottidis

37
Q

What is the cavity extending from the rima glottidis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage?

A

infraglottic cavity

38
Q

What is the space that extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds?

A

laryngeal vestibule

39
Q

What is the space that extends between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold?

A

middle part of the laryngeal cavity

40
Q

What is the “pear-shaped” recess that is in the wall of the laryngopharynx lateral to the arytenoid cartilage?

A

pirifrom recess

41
Q

what type of cartilage forms the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

42
Q

identify the prevertebral muscles

A

longus coli muscle

longus capitus muscle

rectus capitus anterior muscle

anterior scalene muscle

43
Q

what are the attachments, innervation and action of the trap

A

Origin: occipital bone, cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Insertion: lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process of scapula, spine of scapula
Action: elevate, retract, rotate, depress scapula

44
Q

what are the attachments, innervation and action of the SCM

A

Origin: Sternal head of manubrium, clavicular head of clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: flex head, rotate head to opposite side

45
Q

Describe the anatomical relationship (i.e., relative locations) of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea and esophagus.

A

thyroid gland is anterior to the trachea which is anterior to the esophagus. The parathyroid glands are typically on the posterior of the thyroid gland.

46
Q

What type of cartilage forms the larynx not including the epiglottis.

A

hyaline cartilage

47
Q

What is the name of the potential space between the fascial covering of the pharynx and the preverterbral fascia?

A

retropharyngeal space

48
Q

What are the cranial and caudal limits of the retropharyngeal potential space?

A

caudally the superior mediastinum

cranially the base of the cranium

49
Q

What fascial layer begins at the midline posteriorly and ensheathes the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

A

investing layer of deep fascia of neck

50
Q

What fasciae contribute to the formation of the carotid sheath?

A

deep cervical fascia, blends with the investing and pretracheal fascia anteriorly, the prevertebral fascia posteriorly

51
Q

What fascial layer covers the levator scapulae m., scalene m., and other prevertebral muscles in the floor of the posterior cervical triangle?

A

prevertebral layer

52
Q

Trace two typical routes for arterial blood supply to the thyroid gland.

A

external carotid artery -> superior thyroid artery

subclavian artery -> thyrocervical trunk -> inferior thyroid a.

Anatomy PA (12 decks)

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