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HN340 Human Anatomy II > Thoracic Cavity > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

List the cavities in the thoracic cavity and identify in which cavities the pleural cavities are found

A
  • 2 pulmonary cavities
    • 2 pleural cavities
    • consists of lung and surounding pleural cavity
  • mediastinum
    • heart, lymphnodes, large vessels to heart
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2
Q

Which cavity contains the pleural fluid and what is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

pleural cavity

function

  • pleural fluid allows pleura to slide over eachother during inspiration (keeps from sticking)
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3
Q

On a diagram, identify and label the fissures, lobes, and cardiac notch.

A
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4
Q

Why is the diaphragm higher on the right side then the left?

A

the liver sites on the right side

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5
Q

True or false: The left lung is larger and shorter than the right lung because the diaphragm is on the left side.

A

false: right is larger and shorter than the left lung because the diaphragm is on the right side

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6
Q

What lobes are found in the left and right lung?

A

Left

  • superior
  • inferior

Right

  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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7
Q

Since the heart sits slightly to the left, on the left lung there is a _____ where it looks like a piece of the lung has been removed to fit the heart.

A

cardiac notch

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8
Q

Label the lingula, parietal pleura, recesses and cardiac notch.

A
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9
Q

On a diagram, distinguish between the visceral and parietal pleural and identify the roots of the lungs.

A

root of lung: where bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum

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10
Q

List the parts of the parietal pleura and indicate where they are located.

A

Costal

  • covers sternum, ribs, costal cartilage, intercostal muscles, sides of thoracic spine vertebrae

Cervical

  • extends into the foot of the neck 3 cm superior to the medial end of the clavicle

Mediastinal

  • faces mediastinum

Diaphragmatic

  • faces superior surface of the diaphragm
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11
Q

List the lines of pleural reflection and describe their locations.

A

sternal line of pleural reflection

  • anterior
  • costal pleura becomes continuous with mediastinal pleura

vertebral line of pleural reflecion

  • posterior
  • where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura posteriorly

costal line of pleural reflection

  • inferior
  • costal pleura becomes continuous with diaphragmatic pleura
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Describe the recesses in terms of their locations and features. Indicate the relationship of the lingula with the costomediastinal recess during inspiration and expiration.

A
  • costamedialstinal recess is larger on the left than it is on the right because of the cardiac notch
  • costodiaphragmatic recess is inferior and lateral to the costomediastinal recess
  • lingula moves in and out of costomediastinal recess
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14
Q

Indicate how many lobes are found in each lung and the fissures found in each lung. Indicate on which lobe the lingula is found.

A

Right lung (3 lobes)

  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
  • horizontal fissure separates
    • superior
    • middle
  • oblique fissure separates
    • middle
    • inferior

Left lung (2 lobes)

  • superior
    • contains lingula
  • inferior
  • oblique fissure separates
    • superior
    • inferior
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15
Q

Describe the pulmonary ligament and pleural sleeves and identify them on a diagram.

A

pulmonary ligament

  • a continuation of the visceral and parietal pleura below the root

pleural sleeve

  • at the root of the lung
  • visceral and parietal pleura are continuous with eachother
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16
Q

Describe the lung apex.

A
  • most superior part of the lung that extends into the root of the lung
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17
Q

What are the three lung surfaces and the three lung borders? Identify on a diagram.

A

3 surfaces

  • diaphragmatic surface
  • mediastinal surface
  • costal surface

3 borders

  • inferior
  • posterior
  • anterior
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18
Q

What are the three lung surfaces and the three lung borders? Identify on a diagram.

A
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19
Q

What are the three lung surfaces and the three lung borders? Identify on a diagram.

A
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20
Q

Which way does the pulmonary ligament curve?

A

anteriorly

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21
Q

The _____ is where the structures enter the lung.

A

hilum

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22
Q

Where is the main bronchus?

A

middle of posterior boundary

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23
Q

What is the most anterior structure in the hilum of the left lung?

A

superior pulmonary vein

24
Q

What is the most inferior structure on the hilum of the left lung?

A

inferior pulmonary vein

25
Q

At the hilum of the left lung, which is most superior?

A

left pulmonary artery

26
Q

At the hilum of the right lung, which is most superior?

A

right lobar bronchus

27
Q

At the hilum of the right lung, which is the most inferior structure?

A

inferior pulmonary vein

28
Q

Label: hilum, cardiac notch, cardiac area, lingula, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, oblique fissure, pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, superior and inferior pulmonary vein, pleural sleeve

A
29
Q

Label: pleural sleeve, oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, pulmonary ligament, superior lobar bronchus, superior and inferior pulmonary artery, groove for azygous vein

A
30
Q

Describe and reproduce a flow chart of the bronchial tree.

A

Main bronchus (primary bronchi)

  • Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
    • 2 on left
    • 3 on right
  • Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
31
Q

Describe, identify and label the structures of the bronchial tree.

A
32
Q

Name the bronchopulmonary segments and indicate which lobes they belong to

A

Right Superior Lobe

  • apical
  • posterior
  • anterior

Right Middle Lobe

  • lateral
  • medial

Right Inferior Lobe

  • Superior
  • Anterior basal
  • Medial basal
  • Lateral basal
  • Posterior basal

_______________________

Left Superior Lobe

  • Apical
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
  • Superior lingular
  • inferior lingular

Left Inferior Lobe

  • superior
  • anterior basal
  • medial basal
  • lateral basal
  • posterior basal
33
Q

Which bronchopulmonary segments in the left lobe are equivalent to the lateral and medial right middle lobe?

A
  • superior lingular
  • inferior lingular
34
Q

Identify the following on diagrams of he mediastini and hilar aspects: lobar bronchi, pulmonary veins, pulmonary ligaments, pulmonary arteries, plueral sleeves, cardiac areas, oblique fissures, cardiac notch, lingula, apex, superior lobar bronchi, middle and inferior lobar bronchi, pulmonary ligament, fissures

A
35
Q

What is the hilum?

A

the place where structures enter the lung

36
Q

Identify on a diagram the following arteries: left and right bronchial, right superior posterior intercostal artery, right 34d intercostal artery, left superior intercostal artery

A
37
Q

Which structures are supplied by the broncial arteries?

A

supply the roots of the lung and the visceral pleura

38
Q

Where does the left bronchial artery branch from?

A

direct branch from the thoracic artery

39
Q

Where does the right bronchial artery branch from?

A

ANY of 3 variations (can only be 1 variation, but never 2 or 3)

  • right superior posterior intercostal artery
  • right 3rd intercostal artery
  • left superior intercostal artery
40
Q

Indicate what the bronchial veins drain and what the pulmonary veins drain.

A

bronchial veins

  • drain blood to bronchial arterys

pulmonary veins

  • drain blood from the lungs
41
Q

Indicate which structure the right bronchial vein drains into

A

azygous vein

42
Q

Indicate which structure the left bronchial vein drains into

A
  • accessory hemi-azygous vein
  • left superior intercostal vein
43
Q

Indicate where the parietal pleura veins drain

A
  • systemic veins fo the thoracic wall like the azygous vein
44
Q

Indicate where the visceral pleura veins drain.

A
  • pulmonary veins
45
Q

Describe the superficial lymphatic drainage.

A
  • drains the lungs and pleura
  • drains first into the bronchopulmonary nodes –> superior and inferior trachial bronchial nodes –> right and left bronchomediastinal trunks –> right trunk: right lymphatic duct, left trunk: thoracic duct
46
Q

Describe the deep lymphatic drainage.

A
  • bronchi and surrounding tissues
  • drainage starts at the pulmonary or interpulmonary nodes –> bronchopulmonary nodes –> superior and inferior trachial bronchial nodes –> right and left bronchomediastinal trunks –> right trunk: right lymphatic duct, left trunk: thoracic duct
47
Q

Describe the parasympathetic supply of the lungs including where the ganglion cells are located as well as the motor and visceral afferent effects.

A
  • nerves of the parasympathtic lung pleura direct more blood towards the visceral organs (i.e. lungs)
  • CNX (Vagus)
  • ganglion cells are in the right and left pulmonary plexuses and along the branches of the bronchial tree
  • motor effects
    • bronchoconstrictor (smooth muscle cells of bronchus)
      • oxygenation not a concern when relaxed
    • vasodilator (inhibitory to pulmonary vessels)
      • have to inhibit the muscle in the arterioles for vasodilation to occur
    • secretomotor (glands of bronchial tree)
      • produce mucus
  • visceral afferent effects
    • bronchial mucosa
      • cough reflex
    • bronchial muscles
      • stretch
    • intralveolar connective tisue
    • pulmonary arteries
      • BP receptors
    • pulmonary veins
      • chemoreceptors for blood gases
48
Q

Describe the sympathetic supply of the lungs including where the ganglia are located as well as the effects.

A
  • ganglia are paravertebral
  • sympathetic ganglia
    • bronchodilator
      • inhibitory to bronchial muscle
    • vasoconstrictor
      • motor to pulmonary vessels
    • inhibitory to alveolar glands of the bronchial tree
  • needs to divert blood away from the lungs because the blood must be at the skeletal muscle
49
Q

Identify on a diagra the following structures: middle cervical ganglion, cervicothoracic ganglion, right vagus nerve, left vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk, right pulmonary plexus and left pulmonary plexus

A
50
Q

Distinguish the pulmonary plexuses from the cardiac plexuses.

A

pulmonary plexus

  • autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk
  • innervates bronchial tree and visceral pleura

cardiac plexus

  • sitting at the base of the heart
  • cardiac branches derived from parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
  • innervates the heart
51
Q

Which line of pleural reflection does the costal pleura become continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly?

A

costal line of pleural reflection

52
Q

Which structure moves in and out of the costomediastinal recess during inspiration and expiration?

A

lingula

53
Q

What is the name of the structure seen on the medial view of the lung that is the downward or inferior continuation of the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

pulmonary ligament

54
Q

Which vein do veins from the parietal pleura drain into?

A

systemic veins of the thoracic wall (ex. azygous vein)

55
Q

Which veins do the visceral pleura drain into?

A
  • pulmonary veins
56
Q

What is the starting point for deep lymphatic drainage that drains the bronchi and surrounding tissue?

A

pulmonary lymph nodes

57
Q

What is the first step for the superficial lymphatic drainage?

A

bronchopulmonary nodes

HN340 Human Anatomy II (7 decks)

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