Lymphoid System Flashcards
What does the suffix -gen mean?
substance that produces
What is an antigen?
a substance that produces an immune response
What 3 things is the lymphoid system composed of?
Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid organs
When you fall and twist your ankle, what causes your ankle to swell up?
fluid leaking from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid
When you fall and twist your ankle, what causes the swelling to go down after a few days?
the movement of interstitial fluid from the tissues back into the capillaries
What are the 3 components of lymph (fluid that travels within the lymphatic vessels?)
- interstitial fluid
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
What is the function of the primary lymphoid structure (thymus gland)?
- differentiation of lymphocytes resulting in
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
What are the funtions of secondary lymphoid structures (lymph nodes and tonsils)?
- consist of lymphocytes and more B cells to battle infectious agents
- lymph nodes = filter the lymph
- tonsils = fight infections
Which two cells are found in the lymph nodes and tonsils?
- lymphocytes
- b cells
What is the function of the lymph system?
- maintains normal blood volume
- maintains chemical composition of the interstitial fluid
- provides an alternative route for the transport of
- hormones
- nutrients
- waste products
What is the blood pressure in capillaries?
35 mmHg
What happens to solutes and waste when blood pressure is 25 mmHg?
forces movement out of plasma into interstitial fluid area
What is the difference between lymph capillaries and lymphatic ducts?
- small lymphatic vessels = lymphatic capillaries
- large-diameter lymphatic vessels = lymphatic ducts
What are the two major lymph-collecting vessels?
- superficial lymphatics
- deep lymphatics
Where are the superficial lymphatics and deep lymphatics found?
superficial lymphatics
- subcutaneous layer
- mucous lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
- serous lining of pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
deep lymphatics
- skeletal muscles and tissues of neck, limbs, and trunk
How are lymphatic trunks formed?
from the convergence of superficial and deep lymphatic vessels
What are the five major lymphatic trunks?
“Lymph Jauntily Stops Blossoming Infections”
- lumbar trunks
- interstinal trunks
- bronchomediastinal trunks
- subclavian trunks
- jugular trunks
What structure does the lymphatic trunks drain into?
lymphatic ducts
Which structures do the lymphatic ducts drain into?
- subclavian vein
What is the pathway of lymph drainage starting with the lymph capillaries?
lymph capillaries –> superficial and deep lymph vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> lymphatic ducts –> subclavian vein
Which structure is the begining of the thoracic duct?
cisternae chyli
Where does the cisterna chyli collect lymph from?
- left and right lumbar trunks
- intestinal trunks
- left bronchomediastinal trunk
- left subclavian trunk
- left jugular trunk
Where does the thoract duct drain into?
- left subclavian vein
- drains lymph inferior to diaphragm
- drains lymph from the left arm, left side of the torso, left side of the neck, and left side of the head
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
- right subclavian vein
- drains lymph from right arm, right side of toroso, right side of neck, and right side of head
Where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?
- right bronchomediastinal trunk
- right subclavian trunk
- right jugular trunk
______ are the primary cells of the lymphoid system
lymphocytes
What do lymphocytes respod to?
- invading bacteria and viruses
- abnormal body cells such as cancer cells
- foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
- T cells (thymus-dependent cells)
- B cells (bone marrow - derived cells)
- NK cells (natural killer cells)
Where are lymphocytes formed?
bone marrow
Which gland matures some of the lymphocytes and which hormone activates the process?
gland
- thymus
activated by
- thymosin (immunocompetent)
Explain the difference between T cells and B cells in terms of where each matures.
- B-cell is more of an antibody response
- originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
- T-cell is more of a direct response
- originate in bone marrow but travel to thymus gland and become activated by thymosin
What are the 4 types of T cells?
cytotoxic T cells
- “warrior of the immune system”
- kill off antigens we come across
helper T cells
- coordinate immune response
suppressor T cells
- coordinate immune response by stopping immune response from continuing indefinitely
memory T cells
- become activated if the same antigen appears in the body at a later date
Which cells stop the immune system response?
A) helper T cell
B) cytotoxic T cell
C) suppressor T cell
D) memory T cell
C
What are the types of B cells and their functions?
Plasmocytes
- produce antibodies that react with antigens
- antibodies are called immunoglobulins
Memory B cells
- become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date
What is the other term of NK cells and what do NK cells attack?
NK cells = immunological surveillance cells
- because they are looking for foreign cells
attack
- foreign cells
- normal cells infected with viruses
- cancer cells
Which cell attacks cancer cells?
A) T cell
B) B cell
C) NK cell
D) none of the above
C
What is the difference between cell-mediated immunity and anti-body mediated immunity?
cell-mediated immunity
- direct cell-to-cell attack
- cellular immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
- blood is main transport of antibodies
- humoral immunity
Which cells produce antibodies?
B cells - specifically plasmocytes
Which cell produces antibodies?
A) B cell
B) macrophages
C) T cell
D) NK cell
B cell
Which cell activates the B cell to start producing antibodies?
A) cytotoxic T cell
B) suppressor T cell
C) helper T cell
D) memory T cell
C
What is the sequence of events involved in the immune response to a bacterial antigen?
1) macrophages activated by antigen
2) macrophages will phagocytize the foreign substance
3) macrophages will present the antigen to the specific T cells
4) T cells begin to divide to produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells
5) The cytotoxic T cells will kill the bacterial agent directly
6) The helper T cells will activate B cells
7) B cells will begin producing antobodies against bacterial antigens
8) Antibodies will bind to bacterial antigens
9) antigen-antibody combination will attract leukocytes
10) leukocytes will kill bacteria
_______ is lymphocyte production
lymphopoiesis
What are the 3 types of nodules?
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- in areas of body where there is mucosa
- eye, skin GI tract
- in areas of body where there is mucosa
- Tonsils (palate)
- Aggregated lymphoid nodules
- Peyer’s patches (small intestine)
- appendix
What are the names of the 5 tonsils?
- one pharyngeal tonsil
- two palatine tonsils
- when you open mouth
- two lingual tonsils
- side of tongue
What are the characteristics of lymph nodes?
- 1 to 25 mm in diameter
- scattered throughout the body but high concentrations can be found in
- cervical region (neck)
- axillary region (armpit)
- breasts
- abdominal region
- inguinal region (groin)
Which structures are considered lymphoid organs?
- lymph nodes
- thymus gland
- spleen
Which areas have a high concentration of lymph nodes?
- where body is more susceptible to injury or invasion
What is the distribution of lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes?
cervical
axillary
popliteal
inguinal
thoracic
abdominal
intestinal
mesenterial
What are the features of the thymus?
- lies posterior to manubrium of sternum
- reaches greatest size by puberty
- diminishes in size after puberty
- consists of two thymic lobes (L and R)
- consists of numerous lobules (about 2mm in width) separated by septa
- consists of a cortex and medulla
- cortex
- mature T cells migrate to medulla and wait to be released in circulation
- medulla
- t cells remain inactive until they enter circulation
- thymic corpuscles
- cortex
What are the features of the spleen?
- largest lymphoid organ (12 cm in length)
- located on left edge of stomach
- consists of the following areas or regions
- diaphragmatic surface
- visceral surface (gastric and renal area)
- consists of
- capsule
- red pulp (contains large quantities of blood - erythrocytes and platelets)
- if losing blood, spleen would release these contents
- spleen is site of death of RBC
- white pulp
- forms lymphoid nodules
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
spleen
The ________ connects the stomach and the kidney
spleen
List the sequence the structures lymph drains into.
lymph capillaries –> superficial and deep lymph vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> lymphatic ducts –> subclavian vein
Name the cells involved in cell-mediated immunity and their specific function.
cytotoxic T cells - kill antigens
List the sequence of events in humoral-mediated immunity.
- B cells encounter and bind to an antigen
- B cell respond to antigen by proliferating
- Other B cells differentiate into plasma cells
- plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
List the stages of lymph cell production.
Which duct does the right lumbar trunk drain into?
thoracic
Which cells stop the immune response?
suppressor cell
Which cells are the immunological surveillance cells?
natural killer cells
Which cells produce antibodies?
B-cell - in particular, the plasmacytes
What is the name for lymph tissue around our mucosa?
MALT
What is the name for the lymph nodes associated with the small intestine?
Peyer’s patches
WHen superficial and deep lymphatic vessels converge, what do they form?
lymphatic trunk
