Integumentary System Flashcards
What 6 things is the integumentary system (IS) composed of?
1) skin
2) hair
3) nails
4) sweat glands
5) oil glands
6) mammary glands
The epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis all form the _________.
Cutaneous membrane
What type of structures are hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nails?
accessory
Make a flow chart to show the divisions of the integumentary system.
Integumentary System
Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures
1) epidermis 1) hair follicles
2) dermis 2) exocrine glands
- papillary layer 3) nails
- reticular layer
Which part of the IS is the epidermis found in? What are the features/ functions of this layer?
Cutaneous Membrane
- protects dermis from trauma and chemicals
- controls skin permeability and prevents water loss
- prevents entry of pathogens
- syntesizes vitamin D3
- sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature
- coordinates immune response to pathogens and skin cancers
Which part of the IS is the dermis found in? What are the key features/functions of this layer?
Cutaneous Membrane
Papillary layer
- nourishes and supports epidermis
Reticular layer
- restricts spread of pathogens penetrating epidermis
- stores lipid reserves
- attaches skin to deeper tissues
- sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration and temperature
- blood vessels assist in thermoregulation
Which part of the IS do the hair follicles come from? What are the functions/key features of them?
Accessory Structures
- produce hairs to protect skull
- produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations on the general body surface
Which part of the IS do the exocrine glands come from? What are the key features/function of these?
Accessory structures
- assist in thermoregulation
- excrete wastes
- lubricate epidermis
Which part of the IS do the nails come from? What are the key features/functions of these?
Accessory Structures
- protect and support tips of fingers and toes
Accessory structures are associated with the (dermis/epidermis)
dermis
Why do burn patients typically die from dehydration or infection?
epidermis prevents water loss and prevents the entry of pathogens, if this layer is burnt the patients will be more prone to water loss and infections
In which layer of the cutaneous membrane are sensory receptors for vibration found?
reticular layer of the dermis
______ is a sac that closes the hair.
Hint: Hair is a tree trunk and the ____ is the hole that holds the tree in the ground.
hair follicle
Where is thick skin found? How many layers make up thick skin?
- found on palms and soles
- 5 layers of cells
Where is thin** skin found? How many layers is **thin skin made up of?
- found on the rest of body
- made up of 4 layers of cells
What are the four cell types found in the epidermis and what are their functions?
keratinocytes
- produces a tough protein called keratin
melanocytes
- pigment cells located deep in the epidermis
- produce melanin (skin colour)
merkel cells
- sensory cells
langerhans cells
- fixed macrophages
In the winter, _____ sits on the skin and causes dry skin which is why an exfoliator should be used before moisturizing.
keratin
Where are melanocytes found?
basal layer of epidermis
If your skin is darker than someone else, this means you produce (less/more) melanin.
more
_______ are very important in preventing skin infections. These cells deliver messages to antigens and present the problem to T-cells.
langerhans cells
What are the layers of the epidermis, from bottom (deepest) to top (superficial)?
“Beautiful skin glows like candles”
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
In which layer can keratinocytes be found?
lower layers (i.e. stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum)
Which layer of the epidermis are dead cells found?
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis appears as a “glassy” layer that is only found in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
What structure bounds keratinocytes together?
desmosomes
Which layer of the epidermis are cells undergoing active reproduction?
stratum basale
In which layer can you find keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes?
stratum spinosum
In which epidermal layer can you find keratinocytes that produce lots of keratin?
stratum granulosum
In which epidermal layer can you find interlocking, dehydrated, dead cells?
stratum corneum
In which layer of the skin are epidermal ridges found?
stratum germinativum at junction between dermis and epidermis
What are dermal papillae?
epidermal ridges that extend into the dermis and create ridges we call fingerprints
What are the two layers of the dermis?
- papillary
- reticular
the (papillary/reticular) layer is called the “superficial” dermis and the (papillary/reticular) layer is called the “deep” dermis
papillary
reticular
What are the 3 features of the papillary layer?
- dermal papillae
- capillaries
- nerve axons
What are the 4 features of the reticular layer?
- interwoven network of dense irregular connective tissue
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
The (papillary/reticular) layer contains collagen
reticular
Sebaceous glands are always associated with _______.
hair follicles
Which accessory structure is responsible for vibration and pressure sensation?
lammellated corpuscle
The papillary layer of the dermis consists of _____ connective tissue.
loose
The reticular layer of the dermis consists of ______ connective tissue.
dense
What are wrinkles?
- fibers of the reticular layer of skin stretch and recoil
- skin wrinkles due to:
- age
- UV light
After years, reticular fibers lose recoiling and wrinkles form.
What are stretch marks?
- extensive stretching during pregnancy causes reticular fibers to break
- skin does not recoil
- skin wrinkles and creases resulting in stretch marks
What are lines of cleavage and what is their clinical use?
- organized fibers in a parallel pattern
- to reduce scar formation (extensive damage to the fibers), surgeons try to cut parallel to the lines of cleavage
- scars that apear on the body are most likely running perpendicular to the lines of cleavage
What is the function of the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer and what are its structures?
- deep to the dermis
- helps stabilize the integument
- structures:
- adipose tissue
- major blood vessels
Due to the location of vessels, we have terms such as:
- hypodermic needles
- subcutaneous injections
How are cells arranged in the hair follicles?
concentric rings
Which protein is hair made of?
keratin
What are the 3 types of hair and where are they found?
Vellus
- covers most of the body
Intermediate
- covers arms and legs
Terminal
- covers the head
What are the 5 functions of the hair?
- protection from UV light
- insulation
- guards entrance to nose and ears
- movement of the hair sends impulses via nerves to the brain
- such as when a bug is crawling on your arm
- contraction of the arrector pili muscles
Which muscle contracts when goose bumps are formed?
arrector pili
What are the 4 phases of hair growth and what occurs at each phase?
active phase
- lasts 2-5 years
- hair grows continulously at a rate of 0.33 mm/day
regression phase
- ~ 10 days
- hair follicle shrinks and detatches from the dermal papilla
resting phase
- ~ 3 months
- hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair
reactivation phase
- club hair is lost and the hair matrix begins producing a replacement hair
High levels of ______ stop the reactivation phase which causes balding.
testosterone
Which glands are found in the skin and what are the types of sweat glands?
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
- apocrine glands
- ceruminous glands (type of aprocrine gland)
- mammary glands (type of apocrine gland)
- meocrine glands
What are the 3 functions of glands?
- lubricates epidermis
- excretes waste
- assits in thermoregulation
Where are sebaceous glands found and what do they produce?
- found all over the body except palms and soles
- found in high concentrations on forehead, face, and upper back
- if ducts become blocked acne may occur
- secrete sebum
Where are aprocrine sweat glands found and what do they produce?
- armpit and nipple regions
- secrete an odorus secretion that may contain pheromones
Odorus secretions from which type of sweat glands allow babels to “feel safe” with their mother?
aprocrine
Where are meocrine/eccrine sweat glands found and what do they produce?
- found all over the body
- high concentrations on palms and soles
- produce sweat for cooling purposes
- thin secretions, mostly water
_____ sweat glands are not associated with the hair follicles but they deposit sweat into the pore that goes to the surface of the skin.
meocrine
Where are mammary (apocrine) sweat glands found and what do they produce?
- found in breasts
- produce milk under the control of hormones from the pituitary gland
Where are the ceruminous (apocrine) sweat glands found and what do they produce?
- found only in the ear canal
- produce cerumen (ear wax)
Which type of sweat glands are most found in the body?
meocrine
Which type of sweat glands are important in thermoregulation and excretion of wastes since they are so widespread?
meocrine
Which type of sweat glands deposit sweat along the hair and are associated with the hair follicles?
apocrine
What is the function of nails?
provide protection for the tips and fingers of toes
Label the structure of nails
Label the longitudinal section of the nail
Label the diagram of the components of the integumentary system
What are the three layers of hair?
medulla or core
- flexible soft keratin
cortex
- thick layers of hard keratin
- give hair stiffness
cuticle
- tough
- contains hard keratin
What are the four layers of the follicle?
internal root sheath
- surrounds hair root and deeper portion of shaft
- does not extend length of hair follicle
external root sheath
- extends from skin surface to hair matrix
glassy membrane
- thickened clear layer wrapped in dense CT of the follicle
connective tissue sheath
