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HN340 Human Anatomy II > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What 6 things is the integumentary system (IS) composed of?

A

1) skin
2) hair
3) nails
4) sweat glands
5) oil glands
6) mammary glands

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2
Q

The epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis all form the _________.

A

Cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

What type of structures are hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nails?

A

accessory

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4
Q

Make a flow chart to show the divisions of the integumentary system.

A

Integumentary System

Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures

1) epidermis 1) hair follicles
2) dermis 2) exocrine glands

  • papillary layer 3) nails
  • reticular layer
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5
Q

Which part of the IS is the epidermis found in? What are the features/ functions of this layer?

A

Cutaneous Membrane

  • protects dermis from trauma and chemicals
  • controls skin permeability and prevents water loss
  • prevents entry of pathogens
  • syntesizes vitamin D3
  • sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature
  • coordinates immune response to pathogens and skin cancers
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6
Q

Which part of the IS is the dermis found in? What are the key features/functions of this layer?

A

Cutaneous Membrane

Papillary layer

  • nourishes and supports epidermis

Reticular layer

  • restricts spread of pathogens penetrating epidermis
  • stores lipid reserves
  • attaches skin to deeper tissues
  • sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration and temperature
  • blood vessels assist in thermoregulation
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7
Q

Which part of the IS do the hair follicles come from? What are the functions/key features of them?

A

Accessory Structures

  • produce hairs to protect skull
  • produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations on the general body surface
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8
Q

Which part of the IS do the exocrine glands come from? What are the key features/function of these?

A

Accessory structures

  • assist in thermoregulation
  • excrete wastes
  • lubricate epidermis
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9
Q

Which part of the IS do the nails come from? What are the key features/functions of these?

A

Accessory Structures

  • protect and support tips of fingers and toes
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10
Q

Accessory structures are associated with the (dermis/epidermis)

A

dermis

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11
Q

Why do burn patients typically die from dehydration or infection?

A

epidermis prevents water loss and prevents the entry of pathogens, if this layer is burnt the patients will be more prone to water loss and infections

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12
Q

In which layer of the cutaneous membrane are sensory receptors for vibration found?

A

reticular layer of the dermis

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13
Q

______ is a sac that closes the hair.

Hint: Hair is a tree trunk and the ____ is the hole that holds the tree in the ground.

A

hair follicle

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14
Q

Where is thick skin found? How many layers make up thick skin?

A
  • found on palms and soles
  • 5 layers of cells
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15
Q

Where is thin** skin found? How many layers is **thin skin made up of?

A
  • found on the rest of body
  • made up of 4 layers of cells
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16
Q

What are the four cell types found in the epidermis and what are their functions?

A

keratinocytes

  • produces a tough protein called keratin

melanocytes

  • pigment cells located deep in the epidermis
  • produce melanin (skin colour)

merkel cells

  • sensory cells

langerhans cells

  • fixed macrophages
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17
Q

In the winter, _____ sits on the skin and causes dry skin which is why an exfoliator should be used before moisturizing.

A

keratin

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18
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

basal layer of epidermis

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19
Q

If your skin is darker than someone else, this means you produce (less/more) melanin.

A

more

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20
Q

_______ are very important in preventing skin infections. These cells deliver messages to antigens and present the problem to T-cells.

A

langerhans cells

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21
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis, from bottom (deepest) to top (superficial)?

A

“Beautiful skin glows like candles”

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

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22
Q

In which layer can keratinocytes be found?

A

lower layers (i.e. stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum)

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23
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are dead cells found?

A

stratum corneum

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24
Q

Which layer of the epidermis appears as a “glassy” layer that is only found in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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25
Q

What structure bounds keratinocytes together?

A

desmosomes

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26
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are cells undergoing active reproduction?

A

stratum basale

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27
Q

In which layer can you find keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes?

A

stratum spinosum

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28
Q

In which epidermal layer can you find keratinocytes that produce lots of keratin?

A

stratum granulosum

29
Q

In which epidermal layer can you find interlocking, dehydrated, dead cells?

A

stratum corneum

30
Q

In which layer of the skin are epidermal ridges found?

A

stratum germinativum at junction between dermis and epidermis

31
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

epidermal ridges that extend into the dermis and create ridges we call fingerprints

32
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary
  • reticular
33
Q

the (papillary/reticular) layer is called the “superficial” dermis and the (papillary/reticular) layer is called the “deep” dermis

A

papillary

reticular

34
Q

What are the 3 features of the papillary layer?

A
  • dermal papillae
  • capillaries
  • nerve axons
35
Q

What are the 4 features of the reticular layer?

A
  • interwoven network of dense irregular connective tissue
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
36
Q

The (papillary/reticular) layer contains collagen

A

reticular

37
Q

Sebaceous glands are always associated with _______.

A

hair follicles

38
Q

Which accessory structure is responsible for vibration and pressure sensation?

A

lammellated corpuscle

39
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of _____ connective tissue.

A

loose

40
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis consists of ______ connective tissue.

A

dense

41
Q

What are wrinkles?

A
  • fibers of the reticular layer of skin stretch and recoil
  • skin wrinkles due to:
    • age
    • UV light

After years, reticular fibers lose recoiling and wrinkles form.

42
Q

What are stretch marks?

A
  • extensive stretching during pregnancy causes reticular fibers to break
  • skin does not recoil
  • skin wrinkles and creases resulting in stretch marks
43
Q

What are lines of cleavage and what is their clinical use?

A
  • organized fibers in a parallel pattern
  • to reduce scar formation (extensive damage to the fibers), surgeons try to cut parallel to the lines of cleavage
    • scars that apear on the body are most likely running perpendicular to the lines of cleavage
44
Q

What is the function of the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer and what are its structures?

A
  • deep to the dermis
  • helps stabilize the integument
  • structures:
    • adipose tissue
    • major blood vessels

Due to the location of vessels, we have terms such as:

  • hypodermic needles
  • subcutaneous injections
45
Q

How are cells arranged in the hair follicles?

A

concentric rings

46
Q

Which protein is hair made of?

A

keratin

47
Q

What are the 3 types of hair and where are they found?

A

Vellus​

  • covers most of the body

Intermediate

  • covers arms and legs

Terminal

  • covers the head
48
Q

What are the 5 functions of the hair?

A
  1. protection from UV light
  2. insulation
  3. guards entrance to nose and ears
  4. movement of the hair sends impulses via nerves to the brain
    • such as when a bug is crawling on your arm
  5. contraction of the arrector pili muscles
49
Q

Which muscle contracts when goose bumps are formed?

A

arrector pili

50
Q

What are the 4 phases of hair growth and what occurs at each phase?

A

active phase

  • lasts 2-5 years
  • hair grows continulously at a rate of 0.33 mm/day

regression phase

  • ~ 10 days
  • hair follicle shrinks and detatches from the dermal papilla

resting phase

  • ~ 3 months
  • hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair

reactivation phase

  • club hair is lost and the hair matrix begins producing a replacement hair
51
Q

High levels of ______ stop the reactivation phase which causes balding.

A

testosterone

52
Q

Which glands are found in the skin and what are the types of sweat glands?

A

sebaceous glands

sweat glands

  • apocrine glands
  • ceruminous glands (type of aprocrine gland)
  • mammary glands (type of apocrine gland)
  • meocrine glands
53
Q

What are the 3 functions of glands?

A
  1. lubricates epidermis
  2. excretes waste
  3. assits in thermoregulation
54
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found and what do they produce?

A
  • found all over the body except palms and soles
  • found in high concentrations on forehead, face, and upper back
    • if ducts become blocked acne may occur
  • secrete sebum
55
Q

Where are aprocrine sweat glands found and what do they produce?

A
  • armpit and nipple regions
  • secrete an odorus secretion that may contain pheromones
56
Q

Odorus secretions from which type of sweat glands allow babels to “feel safe” with their mother?

A

aprocrine

57
Q

Where are meocrine/eccrine sweat glands found and what do they produce?

A
  • found all over the body
    • high concentrations on palms and soles
  • produce sweat for cooling purposes
    • thin secretions, mostly water
58
Q

_____ sweat glands are not associated with the hair follicles but they deposit sweat into the pore that goes to the surface of the skin.

A

meocrine

59
Q

Where are mammary (apocrine) sweat glands found and what do they produce?

A
  • found in breasts
  • produce milk under the control of hormones from the pituitary gland
60
Q

Where are the ceruminous (apocrine) sweat glands found and what do they produce?

A
  • found only in the ear canal
  • produce cerumen (ear wax)
61
Q

Which type of sweat glands are most found in the body?

A

meocrine

62
Q

Which type of sweat glands are important in thermoregulation and excretion of wastes since they are so widespread?

A

meocrine

63
Q

Which type of sweat glands deposit sweat along the hair and are associated with the hair follicles?

A

apocrine

64
Q

What is the function of nails?

A

provide protection for the tips and fingers of toes

65
Q

Label the structure of nails

A
66
Q

Label the longitudinal section of the nail

A
67
Q

Label the diagram of the components of the integumentary system

A
68
Q

What are the three layers of hair?

A

medulla or core

  • flexible soft keratin

cortex

  • thick layers of hard keratin
  • give hair stiffness

cuticle

  • tough
  • contains hard keratin
69
Q

What are the four layers of the follicle?

A

internal root sheath

  • surrounds hair root and deeper portion of shaft
  • does not extend length of hair follicle

external root sheath

  • extends from skin surface to hair matrix

glassy membrane

  • thickened clear layer wrapped in dense CT of the follicle

connective tissue sheath

HN340 Human Anatomy II (7 decks)

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