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MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy > Thoracic Cavity 2 > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior mediastinum?

A
  • sternal body and xiphisternum
  • pericardium
  • lungs and pleura
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2
Q

What is contained within the anterior mediastinum?

A
  • Thymus
  • Internal mammary vessels
  • Lymoh Nodes (Terrible)
  • Connective Tissue
  • Fat-cell tissue
  • Lower pole of thyroid (rare)
  • Ectopic parathyroid
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3
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Bi-lobed organ of lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Between the manubrium, sternum and pericardium

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5
Q

Where does the thymus extend from?

A

from the lower neck (jugular notch) to 4th costal cartilage (sometimes below aortic arch)

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6
Q

Describe the progression of the thymus with age

A

Active in early childhood until puberty with increasing fibro-fatty infiltration with age

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7
Q

How many planes are in the superior mediastinum?

A

3

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8
Q

What are the 3 planes of the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Venous Plane
  • Arterial Plane
  • Visceral Plane (oesphagus and trachea)
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9
Q

Where do the phrenic and vagus nerves lie?

A

between the planes of the superior mediatsinum

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10
Q

Where is the venous plane located?

A

Anterior and lateral

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11
Q

What are the brachiocephalic veins formed by?

A

Internal jugular and subclavian veins

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12
Q

Where does the left BCV pass?

A

anterior to the arch of aorta; posterior to the manubrium

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13
Q

What is the SVC formed by?

A

right and left brachiocephalic veins

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14
Q

Where does the arch of the azygos join?

A

Superior Vena Cava

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15
Q

Where does the SVC enter?

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

Where is the ascending aorta located?

A

in the middle mediastinum

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17
Q

What does the ascending aorta continue as above the sternal angle?

A

Arch of aorta

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18
Q

How does the aortic arch curve?

A

up, backwards and slightly left behind the lower half of the manubrium

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19
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta continue?

A

in the posterior mediastinum

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20
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aorta from right to left?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk - divides into right subclavian and right common carotid
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery (posterior and to the left of the trachea)
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21
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk lie and what is its relationship to the aorta

A

within the pericardium, to the left of the ascending aorta

22
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into at T4/5?

A

(inferior to the aortic arch)

Right and left pulmonary arterys

  • Right = posterior to ascending aorta and superior vena cava
  • Left = inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to the thoracic aorta
23
Q

What occurs posterior to the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • formation of the brachiocephalic veins by the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
  • Division of the brachiocephalic trunk into its branches on the right side
24
Q

What occurs posterior to the 1st right CC?

A

formation of superior vena cava by right and left brachiocephalic veins

25
Q

What occurs posterior to the 2nd right CC?

A

arch of the azygos vein joins the superior vena cava

26
Q

What occurs posterior to the 3rd right CC?

A

Superior vena cava enter the RA

27
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum?

A

Between heart, pericardium, diaphragm and vertebrae

28
Q

What does the posterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • Vertebral bodies
  • Proximal costal segments
  • Proximal segements of intercostal vessels and nerves
  • Sympathetic chain with its ganglia (posterior wall)
29
Q

What is the thoracic aorta and where is it situated?

A

Continuation of the aorta arch and situated between the level of the sternal angle and aortic hiatus (T12)

30
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta lie?

A

Lies on the left of the thoracic vertebral bodies but moves to midline in lower thorax

31
Q

Name the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta

A
  • Visceral Branches:
    • Oesophageal arteries
    • Bronchia arteries
    • Pericardial branches
    • Mediastinal branches
    • Superior phrenic artery
32
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Air-transport tube in the midline of the neck

33
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Starts at the level of C6 vertebra and ends at trahceal bifurcation (carina)

34
Q

What movement can occur with the trachea?

A

May rise and descend to the level of T4 and T6 during deep inspiration and expriation

35
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Transport of fluid and food from oral cavity

36
Q

Where is oesophagus located?

A

Starts in the midline as a continuation of the pharnyx at C6, inferior to the border of the cricoid cartilage and it descends between the trachea and vertebral column. It enters the thorax behind the trachea, with the arch of aorta to its left in the superior mediastinum

37
Q

Describe the muscle found in the 3 sections of the oesophagus

A

Upper = striated muscle (swallowing = voluntary and rapid)

Middle = mixed striated and smooth

Lower = smooth muscle

38
Q

Epithelium of the oesphagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

What does the oesophagus do in the lower posterior mediastinum?

A

swings forward and to the left

40
Q

Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10 = oesophageal hiatus

41
Q

Give the 4 constrictions of the oesophagus

A
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter
  • Arch of aorta
  • Left main bronchus
  • Diaphragm
42
Q

What is the clinical significance of a constriction?

A

More likely to cause blockage

43
Q

Name the mediastinal lymph nodes

A

Superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes

44
Q

Where are the mediastinal lymph nodes found? And where do they receive lymph from?

A
  • Clustered around the trachea and oesphagus
  • Recieves lymph from the lung
45
Q

Describe the order of lymph drainage from the lungs

A
46
Q

Describe the lymph drainage into the thoracic duct and give where this drains into

A
47
Q

Describe the lymph drainage into the right lymphatic duct and where this drains into

A
48
Q

Function of the thoracic duct

A

Carries lymph from much of the body (except thorax, upper limbs, head and neck of the RHS)

49
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

Cisterna chyli

Carries all lymoh gtom abdomen and lower limbs

50
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

Lies between the aorta and azygos vein in the posterior mediastinum

51
Q

Describe the path of the thoracic duct

A
  • Crosses at T4/5 behind the oesphagus to ascend on its left side
  • Arches over the apex of the left lung anf pleura
  • Opens in the left brachiocephalic vein at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian vein (Pirogoff’s angle)

MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy (11 decks)

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