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MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A

The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (lower pressure)

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2
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

Left heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body (higher pressure)

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

3 layered sac

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4
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium and what is it attached to?

A
  • Protective layer
  • Attached to the great vessels
  • Attached to the diaphragm
  • anchors the heart in place
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5
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Pariteal
  • Visceral - epicardium
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6
Q

What are the 4 functions of the perciardium?

A
  • Fixes the heart in the mediastinum and limitis its motion
  • Protection from infections coming from other organs
  • Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload
  • Lubrication
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7
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle fibres arranged in bundles that squeeze blood out of the heart

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

continous with endothelium. Lines the inner surface of the walls as well as the valves.

Recieves oxygen and nutrients directly from the chambers of the heart

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10
Q

What makes up the base of the heart?

A

left atrium, pulmonary veins and small portion of the RA

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11
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Fixed ppsteriorly to the pericardium at the level of T6(5) - T(9)8 vertebrae

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12
Q

Where does the oblqiue pericardial sinus lie?

A

posteriorly

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13
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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14
Q

What is on the sternocaostal (anterior) surface of the heart?

A
  • Right ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
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15
Q

what is on the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart

A
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
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16
Q

What separates the diaphragmatic surface of the heart from the base of the heart?

A

coronary sinus

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17
Q

Right margin of the heart

A

right atrium

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18
Q

left margin of the heart

A

left ventricle and left auricle

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19
Q

inferior margin of the heart

A

right ventricle and left ventricle (between anterior and diaphragmatic surfaces)

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20
Q

What is within the naterior interventricular sulcus?

A
  • Anterior interventricular artery
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Right of the apex
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21
Q

What runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus

A
  • Posterior interventricular artery
  • Middle cardiac vein
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22
Q

What does the coronary sulcus separate and what travels in it?

A
  • Separates atria from ventricles
  • Right coronary artery
  • Left circumflex artery
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23
Q

Where does the RA recieve blood from?

A
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Coronary sinus
  • Smallest cardiac veins
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24
Q

What 2 continuous spaces does the RA consist of?

A
  • Sinus of vena cava
  • Right auricle
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25
Q

What is internally bound between the sinus of the vena cava and the right auricle

A

crista terminalis

26
Q

Describe the inner surface of the space posterior to crista terminalis

A

smooth and veins drain into this part

27
Q

What is fossa ovalis? And where is it?

A
  • On the right side of the IA septum
  • Site of foramen ovale in foetus and margin is limbus fossae ovalis (border)
    • Remnant of embryologicak orifice
28
Q

Describe the surface of the right auricle

A
  • Trabeculated (rough) surface
  • Formed by pectinate muscles
29
Q

What is thr function of pectinate muscles?

A

Provide some force of contraction without significantly thickening the cardiac wall

30
Q

What blood passes into the RV?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the RA enters throguh the right AV orifice into the RV

31
Q

Where does the RV sit?

A

On the central tendon of the diaphragm

32
Q

What is the outflow tract of the RV?

A

is the pulmonary trunk and arises from the infundibulum (conus arterosis)

33
Q

How does blood flow out of the RV in the pulmonary trunk?

A

blood flows upwards, backwards and to the left

34
Q

Describe the surface of the infundibulum

A

Smooth

35
Q

What are the irregular musuclar structures in the walls of the RV?

A

trabeculae carnea

36
Q

name the 3 types of muscles on the right ventricle wall

A
  1. Trabecula carnea
  2. Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
  3. Papillary muscles
37
Q

Describe the septomarginal trabecula

A
  • Bridge between IV septum and anterior papillary muscle
  • Only in RV
    carries right bundle branch of AV bundle of cardiac conduction system
38
Q

Describe papillary muscles

A
  • 3 muscles
  • named relative to their position
  • Fibrous cords called chorda tendinea run between their apex and free edges of tricuspid cusps
  • Contract before ventricular contraction
39
Q

What is the function of chorda tendinea

A

Prevent the eversion of cusps, which stops the regurgitation of blood into the atria during systole

40
Q

Function of the tricuspid valve

A

Closes the right AV orifice

41
Q

What are the names of the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • septal
42
Q

How does blood flow through the tricuspid value?

A

Forwards and medially (inferior and to the left)

43
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have and what are their names?

A

3

  • anterior
  • right
  • left
44
Q

What do the cusps of the pulmonary valve form? And what is its function

A

a pulmonary sinus

helps closure of the pulmonary valves after systole

45
Q

What does the LA form?

A

most of the base of the heart

46
Q

What enters the LA?

A

Four pulmonary veins (no valves) carry oxygenated blood from the lungs

47
Q

What is the depressed area on the LA septum?

A

Falx septi - is caused by the fusion of the valve of foramen ovale

48
Q

How does blood flow in the LV?

A

Anteriorly towards the apex

49
Q

What is closed by the mitral valve?

A

Left AV orficie

50
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have? And what are their names?

A

2

  • anterior
  • posterior
51
Q

What are the bases of the cusps in the tricuspid valve attached to?

A

right fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus)

52
Q

What are the cusps of the mitral valve attached to?

A

left fibrous ring

53
Q

Where are the chorda tendinae attached to the mitral valve

A

Attached to free margins

54
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

outflow tract of the LV

55
Q

Where is blood from the LV ejected to?

A

The aorta

56
Q

How does blood flow through the site of the aortic valve?

A

upwards, backwards and to the right side

57
Q

Name the 3 cusps in the aortic valve

A
  • right
  • left
  • posterior
58
Q

What is between the superior surface of the cusps and the aortic wall

A

aortic sinuses (sinus valsalvae)

59
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton provide the heart?

A

functional and structural support

60
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton provide for cusps in the heart?

A

Points of attachment for the cusps

61
Q

Give the main functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • Maintains the patency and integreity of AV and semi-lunar orificies
  • Origin/insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles
  • Insulates atria from ventricles
62
Q

By insulating the atria and ventricles how does the fibrous skeleton help the function of the heart?

A
  • Allow independent atrial and ventricular contraction
  • Atrioventricular Bundle of His should be the only conduction between A and V

MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy (11 decks)

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