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MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy > Nerves of the Thorax > Flashcards

Nerves of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic =

A

external; on the skin

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2
Q

Visceral =

A

internal; organs/vessels

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3
Q

What controls the autonomic NS

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

SNS and PSNS exert opposite effects in a particular organ/tissue but they functionally compliment each other to keep the body functioning normall

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5
Q

What is supplied by the SNS only?

A
  • Certain blood vessels
  • erector pili muscles
  • sweat galnds
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6
Q

What does the autonomic NS regulate?

A
  • Visceral activity (circulation, respiration, digestoion, excretion, reproduction)
    • smooth muscle
    • cardiac mucle
    • glands
  • body temperature
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7
Q

What do autonomic fibres accompany?

A

the visceral senses

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8
Q

How many neurons do autonomic nerves need to reach the end organ?

A

2 neurons

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9
Q

Where is the 1st preganglionic neuron?

A

gray matter of the spinal cord or brain stem

It is myelinated

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10
Q

Where is the 2nd (post ganglionic) neuron located?

A

Autonomic ganglion

unmyelinated

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11
Q

Describe the PSNS

A

Rest and digest

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12
Q

Give some of the effects of the PSNS

A
  • Slows breathing and HR
  • Stimulates digestion
  • Opens sphincters
  • constricts pupils
  • secretomotor glands (salivary, lacrimal)
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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?

A

10th cranial nerve –> Vagus

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14
Q

Where does the vagus leabe the cranial cavity and where does it descend between?

A
  • Leaves through the jugular foramen
  • dsecnds between the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery
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15
Q

Where does the right vagus enter the thoracic cavity

A

Between the right subclavian and brachiocephalic vein

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16
Q

Where does the left vagus enter the thoracic cavity

A

posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein between the subclavian artery and common carotid

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17
Q

What comes off the right vagus and what artery does it wind around?

A

recurrent laryngeal never and winds around the right subclavian artery

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18
Q

What comes of the left vagus nerve and what does it wind around?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve and winds around the aortic arch, just posterolateral to th eligamentum arteriosum

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19
Q

why are the recurrent laryngeal nerves different?

A

Due to embryological development

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20
Q

What do the recurrent laryngeal nerves supply?

A
  • Intrinsic layer of laryngeal muscles (except 1)
  • Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  • Sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the levl of the vocal cords
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21
Q

What is the purpose of the SNS

A

fight or flight

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22
Q

What is the effect of SNS on the body?

A
  • Increases HR and strength of HB
  • Dilates coronary arteries
  • Constricts peripheral arteries
  • Relaxes bronchial smooth muscles (increases respiratory efficiency)
  • Closes sphincters
  • Controls body temperature
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23
Q

What is the outflow of the SNS

A

thoracolumbar

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24
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies in the SNS

A

intermediolateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord segment

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25
Q

Where do the postganglionic cell bodies of the SNS lie?

A

In paravertebral sympathetic ganglia OR in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

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26
Q

Where is the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia?

A

Anterior to the neck of the ribs (lateral aspect of vertebral bodies) and is covered by parietal pleura

27
Q

What interconnects the paravetebral sympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic chain

28
Q

Where are the prevertebral sympathetic ganglai located?

A

Around the origins of branches of the abdominal aorta (anterior)

29
Q

Where do the sympathetic trunks extend between?

A

Atlas and coccyx at ganglion impar

30
Q

What cervical vertebrae correspond with the superior cervical ganglia?

A

C1-C4

31
Q

What cervical vertebrae correspond with the middle cervical ganglia?

A

C5-C6

32
Q

What cervical vertebrae correspond with the inferior cervical ganglia?

A

C7-C8

33
Q

What composes the stellate ganglion?

A

Inferior cervical and T1

34
Q

What are the 5 ways the sympathetic system functions?

A
  1. Synpase at its level
  2. Travel up the chain to synpase in cervical ganglion
  3. Travel down the chain and synapse in lumbar/sacral region
  4. Preganglionic branches pass through the sympathetic trunk without sunpasing (splanchinic nerves)
  5. The adrenal medulla is supplied directly
35
Q

What occurs when the SNS synpases at its level?

A

Postganglionic axons (unmyelinated) pass in the GRC and join T1-L2 spinal nerves

36
Q

GRC =

A

grey ramus communicantes

37
Q

What occurs when the SNS tarvels up the chain to synpase in the cervical ganglion

A

Post ganglionic axons pass in the GRC and join cervical spinal nerves

38
Q

What happens when the SNS travels down the chain and synapses in the lumbar/sacral region?

A

Postganglionic axons pass in the GRC and join lumbar/sacral spinal nerves

39
Q

What happens when preganglionic branches pass through the sympathetic trunk without synpasing?

A

Travel in splanchnic nerves to the abdomen and synpase with prevertebral ganglion.

Supply the abdominal viscera

40
Q

Sympathetics of the head

A

T1-T3

41
Q

Sympathetics of the upper limb

A

T4-T6

42
Q

Sympathetics of the thoracic and abdominal walls

A

T1-T12

43
Q

Sympathetics of the lower limb

A

T12-L2

44
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve

A

T5-T9

45
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerve

A

T10-T11

46
Q

Least splanchnic nerve

A

T12

47
Q

What are the 3 types of splanchnic nerve?

A
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Pelvic
48
Q

What are the visceral plexuses in the thorax?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Pulmonary
  • Oesophgeal
49
Q

Where is the carotid plexus?

A

Anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea and posterior to the ascending aorta

50
Q

Where is the pulmonary plexus?

A

Anterior and (mianly) posterior to the roots of the lungs

51
Q

Where is the oesphageal plexus?

A

Around the oesphagus

52
Q

Where does the cardiac plexus recieve sympathetics from?

A

T1-5 ganglia and inferior and middle cervical ganglia

53
Q

Where does the cardiac plexus recieve parasympathetics from?

A

vagus

54
Q

Where does the pulmonary plexus recieve sympathetic from?

A

T2-T4

55
Q

What is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

56
Q

What does the phrenic nerve give sensory fibres to?

A
  • mediastinal parietal pleura
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Peritoneum and pleura related to the central tendon of the diaphragm
57
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves arise from?

A

Anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves

58
Q

The intercostal nerves are mixed nerves - what is their function and branches?

A
  • Motor branches to intercostal and abdominal wall muscles
  • Visceromotor branches to vessels
  • Lateral cutaneous branch (sensory)
  • Anterior branch (sensory)
59
Q

What is pancoast’s tumour?

A

A tumour at the apex of the lung that may affect the sympathetic trunk or stellate ganglion, compromising the synpathetic supply to the head and neck on the same side

60
Q

Features of Horner’s syndrome

A
  • Ptosis of the upper eylid
  • Pupillary cosntriction (miosis)
  • Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
  • Flushing of the face
61
Q

Veins of the face

A

 Superficial facial veins

 Deep facial veins

62
Q

Cranial Veins

A
  •  Cerebral veins
  •  Cerebellar veins
  •  Dural venous sinuses
  •  Diploic veins
  •  Emissary veins
63
Q

Cervical Veins

A

 External jugular vein

 Internal jugular vein

 Anterior jugular vein

 Vertebral vein

MD3001 - Cardiology Anatomy (11 decks)

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