Third 50 A

Question 1

Name the 4 infrahyoid muscles.

Answer 1

1. Omohyoid (scapula to hyoid).
2. Sternohyoid (sternum to hyoid).
3. Sternothyroid (sternum to thyroid).
4. Thyrohyoid (thyroid to hyoid).

Question 2

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 2

They control the shape of the rima glottidis, and the length and tension of the vocal folds.

Question 3

What intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 3

Cricothyroid

Question 4

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?

Answer 4

Stretches and tenses the vocal cords. Important for the creation of speech.

Question 5

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscles?

Answer 5

Relaxes the vocal ligament, allowing for a softer voice.

Question 6

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?

Answer 6

Abduction of the vocal cords; the only muscles capable of widening the rima glottidis.

Question 7

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

Answer 7

Adduction of the vocal folds; narrow the rima glottidis.

Question 8

What is the function of the transverse arytenoids muscles?

Answer 8

Adduction of the arytenoid cartilages, narrows the laryngeal inlet.

Question 9

What nerve passes through the parotid gland?

Answer 9

The facial nerve - Cn 7.

Question 10

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

Answer 10

The base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage (C6).

Question 11

What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 11

They contract sequentially to propel food into the oesophagus.

Question 12

What is the origin of the superior constrictor?

Answer 12

Pterigoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe.

Question 13

What is the origin of the middle constrictor?

Answer 13

Hyoid bone

Question 14

Origin of the inferior constrictor?

Answer 14

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Question 15

What is the function of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 15

They shorten and widen the pharynx. They also elevate the pharynx during swallowing.

Question 16

What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus and what is its innervation?

Answer 16

Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone.
Innervation: Glossopharyngeal, Cn 9.

Question 17

Where is the carotid sinus located?

Answer 17

At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

Question 18

Give 4 functions of the nasal cavity.

Answer 18

1. Warms and humidifies air.
2. Olfaction.
3. Removes and traps pathogens.
4. Drains and clears para-nasal sinuses.

Question 19

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

Answer 19

They increase the SA of the nose and they disrupt the fast flow of air. This means the air spends more time in the nasal cavity so it can be humidified.

Question 20

What opens into the inferior meatus?

Answer 20

Nasolacrimal duct.

Question 21

What opens into the middle meatus?

Answer 21

The frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses open at the hiatus semilunaris. The middle ethmoid sinus opens onto the ethmoidal bulla.

Question 22

What opens into the superior meatus?

Answer 22

The posterior ethmoid sinus.

Question 23

Where does the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity?

Answer 23

At the spheno-ethmoidal recess.

Question 24

What nerve supplies general sensation to the nose?

Answer 24

Branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 25

Tracheal bifurcation at what vertebral level?

Answer 25

T4

Question 26

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

Answer 26

It drains all the lymph from the lower half of the body and bowel back into the blood stream.

Question 27

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 27

The confluence between the left jugular vein and left subclavian vein.

Question 28

Which artery provides the main blood supply to the left ventricle?

Answer 28

LAD

Question 29

Which vessel is most likely to become occluded without producing any symptoms?

Answer 29

Right marginal artery