First 50 A

Question 1

What is the origin of pectoralis minor?

Answer 1

Ribs 3-5.

Question 2

What is the insertion of pectoralis minor?

Answer 2

The coracoid process of the scapula.

Question 3

What does the internal thoracic artery branch into?

Answer 3

1. Musculophrenic - supplies the diaphragm.

2. Superior epigastric arteries - supplies the front of the abdomen.

Question 4

What branch does the right main bronchus give off outside of the right lung?

Answer 4

Superior lobar bronchus

Question 5

What is the fissure in the left lung called?

Answer 5

Oblique (lies along 6th rib).

Question 6

Name the 3 surfaces of the lungs.

Answer 6

Costal, mediastinal, diaphragamtic

Question 7

What is the action of parasympathetic innervation in the lung?

Answer 7

Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation of pulmonary vessels.

Question 8

What is the action of sympathetic innervation in the lung?

Answer 8

Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction of vessels that are poorly ventilated.

Question 9

What is the surface marking for the apex of the lung?

Answer 9

2 finger breadths (3cm) above the medial clavicle in the neck.

Question 10

What are the surface markings for the lower border of the lung?

Answer 10

6th rib anteriorly, 8th rib in the mid-axillary line and 10th rib posteriorly.

Question 11

What are the surface markings for the lower border or the pleural cavity?

Answer 11

8th rib anteriorly, 10th rib in the mid-axillary line and 12th rib posteriorly.

Question 12

What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 12

1. Brachiocephalic trunk.
2. Left common carotid artery.
3. Left subclavian artery.

Question 13

What is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of and what was its function in the foetus?

Answer 13

Remnant of the ductus arteriosum.

It’s function was to shunt blood between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in order to bypass the non-functioning lungs.

Question 14

Briefly describe the anatomical course of the left phrenic nerve.

Answer 14

Crosses the arch of the aorta and descends in front of the root of the lung.

Question 15

What spinal roots is the phrenic nerve derived?

Answer 15

C3, 4 and 5 (cervical plexus).

Question 16

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

Answer 16

Motor innervation to the diaphragm.

Sensory innervation to the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium.

Question 17

Briefly describe the anatomical course of the left vagus nerve.

Answer 17

Crosses the aorta and behind the root of the lung. Breaks up into branches on the oesophagus (oesophageal plexus) and leaves the thorax as the anterior gastric nerve.

Question 18

Briefly describe the anatomical course of the right vagus nerve.

Answer 18

Lies on the trachea and crosses behind the root of the lung. Breaks up into branches on the oesophagus and leaves the thorax as the posterior gastric nerve.

Question 19

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 19

1. Outer fibrous layer.
2. Parietal serous layer.
3. Visceral serous layer.

Question 20

What is the surface marking for the apex of the heart?

Answer 20

5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line.