thinking, language, and intelligence Flashcards
what is the representativeness heuristic?
tendency to see someone or something as belonging to a particular group or category by evaluating how similar this person or thing is to a typical person or thing in that category (ex: thinking that because someone is wearing a suit and tie and carrying a briefcase, that they must be a lawyer, because they look like the stereotype of a lawyer)
what is the availability heuristic?
making a judgment based on how easily something can be brought to mind (you just recently heard about it or it is a very vivid memory) (ex: after hearing news about kids getting stuck in their car seat, we’re likely to be more likely to think that kids often get stuck in their car seat)
what is the simulation heuristic (counterfactual thinking)?
mentally redoing a previous outcome or behavior/simulating a different outcome
(ex: if i am running late for the bus and miss it by a few seconds, i might think about how if i had just run a little faster or left a little earlier, i would have made it)
what is the perseverance effect (belief perseverance)?
the inability of people to change their own belief even upon receiving new information or facts that contradict or refute that belief. In other words, belief perseverance is the tendency of individuals to hold on to their beliefs even when they should not. (ex: a person who believes that smoking does not cause cancer despite the abundance of evidence that shows that smoking does cause cancer)
what is a confirmation bias?
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence (ex: if we are set on getting a job with a particular company, we may not consider other opportunities that may be better suited for us)
what is stereotype threat?
the situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a persons’ group, and he or she is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of this stereotype. (ex: being the only black person in the room full of people)
what are fixed and growth mindsets? which results in more effort and persistence?
fixed mindset- performance is assumed to reflect ability that is unchangeable (ex: if you think you’re not good at something you think you will never be good at it)
growth mindset- performance is assumed to reflect effort that is modifiable (ex: you think talent and intelligence can be developed with practice and effort)
growth mindset results in more effort and persistence.
