practice problems Flashcards
in a study of the _____, participants who were aware that essay writers were told what position to take regarding Fidel Castro made _____ attributions.
a. actor-observer effect; situational
b. fundamental attribution error; situational
c. actor-observer effect; dispositional
d. fundamental attribution error; dispositional
d. fundamental attribution error; dispositional
in Festinger’s study, participants who were paid _____ to lie to the next group of participants about their enjoyment of the task were most likely to change their attitudes – they then believed that the task was fun.
a. $20
b. $50
c. $1
d. $5
c. $1
in the previous question, the participants changed their attitudes due to:
a. insufficient justification for their behavior
b. sufficient justification for their behavior
c. effort justification
d. pressures to conform
a. insufficient justification for their behavior
fraternity pledges who are subjected difficult hazing practices are more committed to their fraternities than pledges who undergo mild initiation rituals due to:
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. self-serving attributions
c. cognitive dissonance
d. group polarization
c. cognitive dissonance
when other shoppers leave their shopping carts next to their cars rather than putting them in the designated spot, Spencer thinks the other shoppers are selfish and lazy. when Spencer leaves his shopping cart next to his car rather than putting it in the designated spot, he knows that he is in a huge hurry to get to work. This reflects the:
a. self-serving attribution
b. cognitive dissonance effect
c. fundamental attribution error
d. actor-observer effect
d. actor-observer effect
sophocles assumes that all of his professors have outgoing and talkative personalities since he always sees them talking. this assumption reflects:
a. the actor-observer effect
b. a self-serving attribution
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. cognitive dissonance
c. the fundamental attribution error
apolo, a speed-skater, feels good about being strong and training hard when he wins, but when he loses, he says that the other skaters cheated. this shows the:
a. self-serving attribution
b. bystander effect
c. fundamental attribution error
d. actor-observer effect
a. self-serving attribution
jj has just agreed to donate $100 to support the troops, although she has anti-military attitudes. according to _____ theory, she is likely to become more pro-military.
a. attribution
b. cognitive dissonance
c. social role
d. normative social influence
b. cognitive dissonance
in a study of _____, asch noted that participants chose the incorrect line when the confederates unanimously did so.
a. informational social influence
b. deindividuation
c. obedience to authority
d. normative social influence
d. normative social influence
what was the basic result of Milgram’s obedience study?
a. most people obeyed the authority figure.
b. most people did not obey the authority figure.
c. most people obeyed the authority figure until the “learner” stopped responding; then, most people refused to obey.
d. all participants refused to shock the “learner” at every point of the study.
a. most people obeyed the authority figure.
sokka frequently experiences periods of extreme fear; during these periods, his chest feels very tight and he can feel his heart pounding rapidly. sokka most likely has:
a. major depressive disorder
b. bipolar disorder.
c. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. panic disorder.
d. panic disorder
katara often experiences a sense of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system arousal. this interferes with her ability to sleep and concentrate. katara likely has:
a. major depressive disorder.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
for a classroom demonstration, a third-grade teacher separated her class into brown-eyed and blue-eyed students. the students started to form positive feelings toward the others with the same eye color, demonstrating:
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. in-group bias
c. the just-world hypothesis
d. realistic conflict theory
b. in-group bias
cyrus, a member of team galactic, puts down members of team rocket because this boosts his own self-esteem. cyrus’s prejudice can be explained by:
a. the just-world belief
b. realistic conflict theory
c. social identity theory
d. scapegoating theory
c. social identity theory
as Hotch walks into class, he notices another student stumbling around and walking into the walls. since other students are ignoring the stumbling and just going into class, Hotch concludes that the student must just be messing around, and finds a seat in class. hotch’s decision to not intervene is due to:
a. pluralistic ignorance
b. the catharsis effect
c. evaluation apprehension
d. the diffusion of responsibility
a. pluralistic ignorance
peik lin, who is usually mild-mannered, goes to the championship hockey game. when her team wins, she joins the crowd in throwing soda and food on the cars in the parking lot. this demonstrates:
a. groupthink
b. deindividuation
c. social loafing
d. group polarization
b. deindividuation
if you were shopping alone in a mall and suddenly passed out, how many people would you want to be present (to maximize the likelihood of getting help)?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 1
d. 20
c. 1
petra, a student, works very hard on papers for her psychology class, but does not work very hard on group projects for her history class. this demonstrates:
a. groupthink
b. deindividuation
c. social loafing
d. group polarization
c. social loafing
the tendency to feel positively toward people simply because we have seen them many times is the:
a. mere exposure effect
b. similarity effect
c. contact hypothesis
d. proximity effect
a. mere exposure effect
according to the principle of _____, all behaviors (such as slips of the tongue) have some meaningful cause.
a. projective tests
b. psychological determinism
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. attribution
b. psychological determinism
in a jigsaw classroom,
a. the teacher reorganizes the seating arrangements every day so that the students interact with different classmates.
b. each student in a group is given a unique piece of information that they share with the group.
c. the students do puzzles together to increase cooperative behaviors.
d. the students take turns in the role of “teacher” so that they can improve both their speaking and listening skills.
b. each student in a group is given a unique piece of information that they share with the group.
whenever Stewie goes through a doorway, he knocks on the door frame 3 times; if he doesn’t do so, he feels anxious. stewie’s door frame-knocking is a(n):
a. delusion
b. hallucination
c. obsession
d. compulsion
d. compulsion
jj felt very aggressive and decided to play a game of Wii boxing to release her aggressive feelings. jj is likely to:
a. experience an increase in her aggressive feelings
b. experience an increase in her loving feelings
c. experience a reduction in her aggressive feelings
d. experience no change in her aggressive feelings
a. experience an increase in her aggressive feelings
to investigate ___, Rosenhan and his colleagues infiltrated a mental hospital and observed how they were treated.
a. the expertise of mental health professionals
b. the subjective experience of patients in mental institutions
c. the treatment of patients in mental institutions
d. the effect of diagnostic labels
d. the effect of diagnostic labels
rogers’ humanistic theory emphasized the importance of:
a. understanding traits
b. conformity
c. unconditional positive regard
d. unconscious processes
c. unconditional positive regard
Zuko does not get upset easily; and people find it easy to get along with him. Zuko seems to have low levels of _____ and high levels of _____
a. openness; agreeableness
b. neuroticism; agreeableness
c. conscientiousness; extraversion
d. neuroticism; extraversion
b. neuroticism; agreeableness
Kan often feels deeply sad, but other times, feels energetic and on top of the world. Kan seems to have:
a. borderline personality disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. major depressive disorder
d. bipolar disorder
d. bipolar disorder
Frank (falsely) believes he is an undercover FBI agent and that he has secret meetings with other agents, who he can see. Frank’s belief about being an FBI agent is a _____, whereas his visions of other agents is a(n) _____.
a. obsession; compulsion
b. compulsion; obsession
c. delusion; hallucination
d. hallucination; delusion
c. delusion; hallucination
Dr. Ryan, a psychologist, listens to their clients’ concerns and then helps them to see their irrational thinking. Dr. Ryan practices _____ therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. behavioral
d. cognitive
d. cognitive
To help her client overcome a fear of social situations, Dr. Ryan has her client first practice casually chatting with her, then with a close friend, then with a small group of friends, then with strangers at a party. At each stage, the client uses relaxation techniques that Dr. Ryan has taught her. Dr. Ryan is using:
a. systematic desensitization
b. a token economy
c. flooding
d. humanistic therapy
a. systematic desensitization
Tegan sometimes feels worthless, and other times feels very important. Her relationships with others are either very loving or very hateful, and her lovingness or hatred toward her friends varies greatly. Tegan seems to have:
a. borderline personality disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. bipolar disorder
a. borderline personality disorder
When Monica leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, she tells herself that she did so because she is very busy; when Rachel leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, Monica thinks that Rachel is lazy and inconsiderate. Monica is demonstrating the:
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. actor-observer effect.
c. self-serving bias.
d. cognitive dissonance effect.
b. actor-observer effect.
Suppose you see a child pushing other children at the playground. If you make the fundamental attribution error, you are likely to attribute the child’s behavior to:
a. the presence of bees on the playground from which the child wanted to protect the other children.
b. the high level of conflict and physical aggression the child witnesses at home.
c. the child’s bullying nature.
d. the child’s history of being rewarded for violence.
b. the high level of conflict and physical aggression the child witnesses at home.
When Akio was promoted to Assistant Director, he said that he had earned it by being smart and hard-working. When he was later passed over for the Director position, he said that the selection committee was unfair and biased. This illustrates the:
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. actor-observer effect.
c. self-serving bias.
d. representativeness heuristic.
c. self-serving bias.
In Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) study, who came to enjoy the activities (e.g., moving spools back and forth) the most?
a. the participants paid $1
b. the participants paid $20
c. All participants found the task boring regardless of how much they were paid.
a. the participants paid $1
In an experiment, students (who generally supported free speech) wrote essays in favor of banning controversial speakers from campus. Some were told that they must write the essay for the study; others were told that it would be appreciated if they did so, but it was their choice. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, which students came to be less supportive of free speech?
a. the students who were told that they were required to write the essay
b. the students who were told that they could choose whether or not to write the essay
c. the students who were in neither condition - they all maintained their initial attitudes
d. the students who were in both conditions - they were all affected by writing the essay
b. the students who were told that they could choose whether or not to write the essay
What type of social influence did Asch’s participants demonstrate?
a. normative
b. informational
a. normative
Suppose, for a speech competition, a student gives a speech arguing the merits of tight legal restrictions on gun ownership. _____ theory would predict that they would feel more strongly in favor of gun control laws after the competition.
a. attribution theory
b. Cognitive dissonance theory
c. Social influence theory
d. Social role theory
b. Cognitive dissonance theory
Cyrus, a member of team Galactic, puts down members of team Rocket because this boosts his own self-esteem. Cyrus’s prejudice can be explained by:
a. the just-world belief
b. realistic conflict theory
c. social identity theory
d. scapegoating theory
c. social identity theory
Though Blaine and Koga just met, they form positive feelings toward each other because they’re both on Team Rocket. These feelings are due to:
a. in-group favoritism.
b. a confirmation bias.
c. cooperative interdependence.
d. implicit prejudice.
a. in-group favoritism.
Bo is at a local park when he sees a young man shoving and hitting another young man. After seeing several cars drive by the two men without stopping to intervene, Bo concludes that he should not try to step in either. Bo’s decision stems from:
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. evaluation apprehension.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
From her window, An hears someone screaming outside. She decides not to go outside to see if someone needs help, thinking that many other neighbors must have heard the screaming and will help if necessary. An’s decision is based on:
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. evaluation apprehension.
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
Monica is overly neat and rigid about order. Freud would suggest that she is fixated in the _____ stage.
a. phallic
b. genital
c. oral
d. anal
d. anal
You are a baseball player, and you have just struck out. You want to punch the pitcher, but instead, you go back to the dugout and throw your batting gloves at your teammate. This illustrates:
a. regression
b. denial
c. displacement
d. repression
c. displacement
Toph accuses her spouse of being very negative; in reality, Toph is very negative. Which defense mechanism does this illustrate?
a. displacement
b. denial
c. projection
d. repression
c. projection
Rob gets into an argument with his dad, and as a result, is very angry. He goes home and yells at his kids. This illustrates:
a. denial
b. displacement
c. projection
d. rationalization
b. displacement
Phoebe is using a Big Five-based dating app to look for a potential mate. Although David is kind, gets along well with others, and is dependable, Phoebe decides not to meet with him because he isn’t interested in having adventures and trying new things. Phoebe is rejecting David based on his:
a. low extraversion
b. high conscientiousness
c. low openness
d. high neuroticism
c. low openness
Joey wants to be an actor, but has not been successful because he shows up late for auditions and forgets which part he’s auditioning for. Joey’s failure can be attributed to his:
a. low openness
b. low conscientiousness
c. low extraversion
d. low agreeableness
b. low conscientiousness
Katya thinks repeatedly about whether or not she has unplugged the hair dryer after using it, and returns to the bathroom 20 times a day to make sure she has unplugged it. Thinking about whether or not she has unplugged the hair dryer is a(n) ___, and making sure she has unplugged it is a(n) _____.
a. delusion; hallucination
b. hallucination; delusion
c. obsession; compulsion
d. compulsion; obsession
c. obsession; compulsion
John Nash sees images of personnel from the DOD and believes that there is a Soviet plot to extract information from him. Seeing people from the DOD was a _____ and the belief that the Soviets are after him was a _____.
a. delusion; hallucination
b. hallucination; delusion
b. hallucination; delusion
When Kady voices thoughts to her therapist such as “I will never find someone who loves me” and “I’m a terrible person,” her therapist points out the errors in her thinking. Kady’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
c. cognitive
Gretchen’s therapist asks her to voice all of the thoughts that come to mind immediately, without processing them, so that she can gain insight into her unconscious thoughts and desires. Gretchen’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
a. psychoanalytic
Regina’s therapist listens attentively to her and demonstrates understanding and compassion by repeating back to her the content of what she said. Regina’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
b. humanistic
Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
a. Ash approaches his friend Avery, who is walking a dog. As the dog begins to bark, Ash’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Avery.
b. Brock wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear to ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
c. Shauna feels very depressed about her recent break-up. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour, and then she begins to feel better.
d. Kiawe relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
d. Kiawe relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
According to the _____ theory of emotion, after someone steals our car, we will first experience an increased heart rate and then experience anger.
a. James-Lange
b. Cannon-Bard
c. Schachter-Singer
d. Craik-Tulving
a. James-Lange
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need that is highest (last) on the hierarchy is:
a. belongingness and love
b. self-actualization
c. physiological
d. esteem
b. self-actualization
Laurel, a law student assisting on a case, believes that her client is guilty of a crime. When her fellow law students point out various pieces of evidence that point to the client’s innocence, Laurel doesn’t pay attention, and when later reviewing the case, only remembers the evidence suggesting that the client is guilty; therefore, she maintains her belief that the client did commit the crime. The persistence of Laurel’s belief can be explained by:
a. self-actualization
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. the serial position effect
d. a confirmation bias
d. a confirmation bias
Linny, who identifies as male, is about to take an essay exam on literature, and overhears two teachers talking about girls having better verbal skills than boys. Linny is likely to experience:
a. a fixed mindset.
b. self-actualization.
c. the misattribution of arousal.
d. stereotype threat.
d. stereotype threat.
Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be indicative of Alzheimer’s disease (because the memory impairments seem typical of Alzheimer’s disease) best illustrates the _____ heuristic.
a. availability
b. representativeness
c. simulation
d. base-rate
b. representativeness
A student who just found out that he was not admitted to Rutgers spends his days rehearsing “if onlys”: “If only I had studied more in high school”; “if only I had taken the SATs more seriously”; “if only I had done more volunteer work.” The student is demonstrating the _____ heuristic.
a. availability
b. representativeness
c. simulation
d. base-rate
c. simulation
Although the patient H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia, he remained fairly normal in his ability to learn:
a. the meanings of new words
b. new factual information
c. new skills
d. the names of people who had become famous since his operation
c. new skills
Wes, a suspect of a crime, is asked to provide an alibi for between 10 and 11 pm on May 11. Wes recalled studying for his constitutional law exam with Asher at the library at that time, which is an example of _____ memory.
a. episodic
b. implicit
c. recognition
d. semantic
a. episodic
After seeing a billboard advertising Rita’s Water Ice, Daenerys feels parched and in the mood for a sweet frozen treat, although she doesn’t realize why she has this craving. Daenerys’s response is affected by her _____ memory.
a. implicit
b. explicit
c. semantic
d. episodic
a. implicit
Little Simone really enjoys her gymnastics classes, and to encourage their daughter to do well, her parents start giving her toys and ice cream whenever she has a good practice. Unfortunately, Simone starts to find gymnastics boring, which can be explained by:
a. counterconditioning.
b. the use of continuous reinforcement.
c. the law of effect.
d. the overjustification effect.
d. the overjustification effect.
Spencer makes donations to Unicef because he likes the colorful return address labels they send him in return. He makes the donations due to:
a. observational learning
b. second-order conditioning
c. extrinsic motivation
d. intrinsic motivation
c. extrinsic motivation
