personality Flashcards
what is the psychoanalytic perspective of personality? what 2 factors did Freud emphasize in the development of personality?
focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior. personality is largely influenced by unconscious drives and desires, and the interplay between different components of the psyche.
- psychosexual stages
- structure of mind (id, ego, superego)
what is the unconscious?
impulses, wishes, and memories of which people are not consciously aware but affect thoughts and behavior
what are the id, ego, and superego?
id- most primitive part of personality (basic biological impulses and drives. pleasure principle.)
superego- internalized morals and values of society (conscience)
ego- mediates id and superego. reality principle. delays fulfillment of impulses until the situation is appropriate.
what are Freud’s first 3 psychosexual stages?
oral- explore world through mouth. infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.
anal- conflict with parents about compliance and defiance. controlling bladder and bowel movements. major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
phallic- at this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females. boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affection.
what are oral and anal fixations?
occur when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual focused on this stage and unable to move onto the next. for example, individuals with oral fixations may have problems with drinking, smoking, eating, or nail-biting.
al fix- an adult who is meticulous, orderly, rigid and frugal. holds in messy feelings.
what is the Oedipus complex?
boy desires exclusive relationship with mother (oedipus got rid of father and married mother)
what are Freud’s defense mechanisms?
repression- thoughts that are too anxiety-provoking to acknowledge are blocked from conscious awareness
projection- person attributes his or her own unacknowledged feelings or impulses to other people
rationalization- generating explanations for behaviors in an apparently logical way to avoid discomfort
displacement- directing emotions towards others that are not the real object of their feelings
denial- refusing to acknowledge realities or emotions
what is psychological determinism? what are Freudian slips?
all thoughts, emotions, and behaviors have causes (caused by past experiences, subconscious desires, and underlying psychological processes. individuals are not entirely free to make choices and that their actions are influenced by unconscious drives and motivations.)
freudian slips- errors in speech, memory, or actions that are believed to reveal unconscious thoughts or motivations. often considered to be manifestations of repressed desires or thoughts that individuals are not consciously aware of. can occur when an individual is under stress, fatigued, or emotionally charged, and they are believed to provide insight into an individual’s inner conflicts and unconscious wishes.
what are projective tests?
present ambiguous stimulus to which person responds
words, images, or situations are presented to a person and the responses are analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal.
what is the Rorschach?
individual views a set of ink blots and tells what each inkblot resembles
when a person is shown a meaningless image, such as an inkblot, their mind will work hard to give meaning to this stimulus, and this attribution of meaning indicates the individual’s mental condition.
what is the humanistic perspective of personality?
the humanistic perspective of personality is characterized by a holistic and optimistic view of human nature, focusing on the individual’s capacity for self-discovery, personal growth, and the realization of their true potential. this perspective encourages a positive view of human nature and the belief in the possibility of personal transformation and fulfillment. (self-actualization) it places a strong emphasis on the individual’s unique personal experiences and the importance of understanding one’s own feelings, thoughts, and motivations.
what are Rogers’s concepts of empathy and unconditional positive regard?
believed that empathy is essential for creating a therapeutic relationship in which the client feels understood and accepted. empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. it involves active listening, nonjudgmental understanding, and the ability to put oneself in the other person’s shoes.
unconditional positive was regarded to be a vital component of the therapeutic process, as it creates an environment in which the client feels safe to express their true feelings and experiences without fear of rejection. (therapist’s acceptance and support of the client without any conditions or judgment)
what are the Big Five traits?
openness- willingness to be open to new experiences, imaginative, witty
conscientious- dependable, organized, disciplined, and responsible. cautious.
extraversion- enthusiastic, sociable, seek out social interactions
agreeableness- friendly, cooperative, kind, considerate
neuroticism- a tendency to experience negative emotions. worrying. nervous. stressed
