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ap psychology > Thinking and Language > Flashcards

Thinking and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people

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3
Q

prototypes

A

best example of a category

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4
Q

algorithm

A

step by step procedure that guarantees a solution

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5
Q

heuristic

A

thinking strategy that allows quick problem solving (faster, more error prone)

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6
Q

intuition

A

experts vs non experts

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7
Q

insight

A

(aha moment)

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8
Q

obstacles to problem solving

A
  • cognitive biases
  • problematic heuristics
  • overconfidence
  • framing
  • anchoring
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9
Q

fixation (cognitive bias)

A

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective (mental set, functional fixedness)

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10
Q

mental set

A

using a strategy that has worked for you in the past

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11
Q

cognitive bias

A

people will only take in information that confirms their preconceived notions (do not want their opinion to be contradicted)

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12
Q

hindsight bias

A

after we know the outcome of an event, it seems like the solution was obvious

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13
Q

sunk investment fallacy

A

when we put alot of time/effort into something, it feels like a waste to walk away from the endeavor

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14
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how ell they seem to represent particular prototypes (ex: tall people play basketball) (tall people is the prototype)

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15
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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16
Q

anchoring heuristic

A

a type of cognitive bias that causes people to favor information they received early in the decision-making process (ex: people who were asked ‘is the percentage of african american representatives in the un greater than or less than 45%’, more people answered lower)

17
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our judgements and knowledge

18
Q

belief perseverance

A

our tendancy to cling to beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

19
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posted (should we say a medical treatment has a 90% success rate ? or a 10% chance of death)

20
Q

insight

A

suddent and often novel realization of the solution to problem; not strategy based; requires an “incubation period”

21
Q

language

A

spoken, written, or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

22
Q

grammar

A

system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand each other

23
Q

semantics

A

is the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language

24
Q

syntax

A

rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given lanaguage (rules of grammar)

25
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language (bat has 3 phomenes b-a-t and chat also has 3 ch-a-t)

26
Q

morpheme

A

smallest number of sound units in a spoken language that has meaning (pumpkin has 2 - pump-kin)

27
Q

babbling stage

A
  • beginning from 3-4 months
  • “pre-linguistic” event
  • noises made represent sounds heard in household’s native language
  • lose the ability to hear and pronounce some words
28
Q

one-word stage

A
  • from ages 1-2
  • child speaks mostly in single words
29
Q

two-word stage

A

child speaks in mostly two-word statements such as “go-car”

30
Q

advantages of bilingualism

A
  • better able to follow complicated instructions
  • better on tests of creativity and non-verbal intelligence
  • focus on specific, subtle aspects of a language
  • more easily recognize the sames for things
31
Q

inborn universal grammar (Noam Chomsky)

A
  • deep structure
  • language acquisition device (lad)
32
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • language can have “surface structure” or “deep structure”
  • deep structure involves elements common to all languages
  • understanding a sentence involves transitioning from surface structure to deep structure
  • all people are born with a language acquisition device
33
Q

LAD (language acquisition device)

A

ability to learn a language

ap psychology (14 decks)

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