Developmental Psychology Flashcards
developmental psychology
focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle
nature/nurture
how do genetic inheritance influence our behavior ?
continuity/stages
is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages ?
stability/change
do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age ?
what are the stages of prenatal development ?
(1) gestation
(2) zygote - 0-14 days; 100 cells
(3) embryo - 6 weeks; cells differentiate
(4) fetus - looks human; 9 weeks until birth
teratogens
harmful substances a fetus may be exposed to (ex: chemicals, tobacco, alcohol)
what factors affect fetus development ?
nutrition, genetics, and exposure to teratogens
rooting
turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheeck
grasping
curling the fingers around an object
stepping reflex
causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface
sucking
sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation
moro (startle reflex)
throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head)
babinski
baby’s toes spread outward when bottom of foot is stroked, then curl inwards
what are characteristics of “the competent newborn” ?
(1) reflexes
(2) cries
(3) preference for faces
(4) preference for mom’s voice
what are the steps in brain development ?
pruning process & maturation
maturation
orderly, sequential, biological growth pattern
motor development at 6 MONTHS old
sitting
motor development at 8-9 months old
crawling
motor development at 12 months old
standing
motor development at 15 months old
walking
infantile amnesia
(3.5 years); limited neural connections
cognition
how people know, think, and remember
schema
- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
- “mental mold”
assimilation
- interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
- (ex: all four legged animals are “dogs”)
accommodation
- changing one’s current understandings to incorporate new information or experiences
preoperational stage
- 2 to 6/7 years
- learning about the world through the five senses
- fear of strangers
- children under 6 months don’t have object permanence (separation anxiety)
- conservation
concrete operational
- 6/7 to 12 years
- children struggle with animism, reversibility, impulse control, conversation, and egocentrism
- simple logic
formal operational
- 12 years to forever
- abstract concepts
- symbols and imagined realities
- hypothetical thinking
- advanced moral reasoning
animism
belief that all natural phenomenon must have a supernatural cause
reversibility
the ability to work backwards
impulse control
ability to control one’s impulses
what were some final thoughts on piaget’s theory ?
- influential theory
- however, development is much more continuous
- seemed to underestimate children’s abilities
attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
describe Harry Harlow’s studies
- used rhesus monkeys
- cloth mother/wire mother
- concluded that contact comfort was the most important factor
what did Konrad Lorenz believe about imprinting ?
if attachment is important in humans, it may be important in other animals too
what do humans have for attachment ?
a sensitive period
what was Mary Ainsworth’s research about ?
do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a “strange situation” ?
what was Mary Ainsworth’s research about ?
do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a “strange situation” ?