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ap psychology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

afferent/sensory neurons

A

information from skin/organs to brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

interneurons

A

connect spinal, motor, and sensory neurons

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3
Q

efferent/motor neurons

A

sends information away from nervous system to muscles/organs

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4
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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5
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurones and helps spread neural impulses

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7
Q

neural impulse

A

(action potentional) electrical signal traveling down the axon

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8
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

form junctions with other cells

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9
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life support center

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10
Q

what are the steps to firing a neuron ?

A
  1. depolarization and action potential produced via neuron stimulation
  2. action potential travels further along neuron; sodium/potassium ion pump pushes ions out of cell
  3. action potential continues down the axon, first section has recharged and ready for stimulation again
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11
Q

what are the steps to neurons communicating ?

A
  1. electrical impulses travel down axon until reaching synapse (junction between neurons)
  2. neurotransmitter molecules released and go to the receiving neuron
  3. sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules, process called reuptake
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12
Q

acetylcholine (ach)

A
  • connected to muscle movement
  • curare
  • plays a role in memory
  • Alzheimer’s is associated with decline in ACh
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13
Q

dopamine

A
  • pleasure chemical
  • alertness
  • happiness
  • muscle control and coordination
  • Parkinson’s = lack of dopamine
  • Schizophrenia = excess dopamine
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14
Q

serotonin

A
  • mood
  • emotion
  • used in SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - anti-depressants)
  • sleep
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15
Q

epinephrine

A
  • adrenaline
  • associated with energy
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16
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • low levels connected to Depression
  • alertness, blood pressure, and heart rate
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17
Q

gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • slows and calms the nervous system
  • sleepiness, less anxiety, less alertness and muscle tension
  • too little is associated with anxiety disorders, seizures, tremors, and insomnia
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18
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • opposite of GABA
  • involved in thinking, memory, and learning
  • facilitates stronger neural connections
  • too much can lead to migraines and seizures
19
Q

endorphins

A
  • body’s natural painkiller
  • released during physical activities
20
Q

agonist drugs do what ?

A

excite neurotransmitters

21
Q

antagonist drugs do what ?

A

inhibit neurotransmitters

22
Q

what are the two main parts of the overall nervous system ?

A

peripheral & central (brain and spinal cord)

23
Q

what are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system ?

A
  1. autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands)
  2. somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)
24
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system ?

A
  1. sympathetic (arousing)
  2. parasympathetic (calming)
25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • excites
  • fight or flight
  • heart rate increases, pupils dilate, respiration increases, digestion slows
26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms

27
Q

endocrine system

A
  • works by passing hormones through the bloodstream
  • slow to operate; longer lasting effects
  • works as a team with the nervous system
28
Q

pituitary gland

A

secretes many different horomes, some of which affect other glands

29
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

30
Q

thyroid gland

A

affects metabolism, among other things

31
Q

parathyroids

A

help regulate the level of calcium in the blood

32
Q

adrenal glands

A

triggers the “fight or flight” response

33
Q

pancreas

A

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

34
Q

testis

A

secretes male sex hormones

35
Q

ovary

A

secrets female sex hormones

36
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

37
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

38
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

40
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

41
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

42
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs

43
Q

reflex

A

simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus

44
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

ap psychology (14 decks)

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