Memory Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
flashbulb memory
memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
information processing model
- encoding - memory in
- storage - retaining memory
- retrieval - getting it back out
multi-store model
memory is processed in three stages
1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory (STM)
3. long-term memory (LTM)
sensory memory
very brief; less than a second to several seconds
* iconic memory
* echoic memory
iconic memory
momentary photographic memory (ex: circle of light when using firework sparkles)
echoic memory
sounds that are remembered for 3-4 seconds
hepatic memory
remembering touch for less than 1 second
short-term memory
- about 30 seconds
- vulnerable to disruptions and interference
- conscious, active processing takes place
long-term memory
- stored forever
- must have some importance to the individual
- must be encoded
semantic encoding
using context to involve a deeper level of processing
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of indicidental information
space
you’ve know where you’ve been
time
sequence of events
frequency
how many times things have happened
implicit memories
memories we retain without conscious effort and awareness; non-declarative
selective attention
focusing on something deliberately
deep processing
combining elaborative encoding with a meaningful analysis of ideas being learned
state-dependent memories
if someone is in a certain state of consciousness when they learn something, they often remember that information better when in the same state of consciousness
mood dependent memories
recall better when in the same mood as when we learned the information
rosy retrospection
recalling events more positively than we experienced them
tip of the tongue phenomenon
knowing something, but not able to say it out loud
déjà vu
feels as though you have been presented with this situation before
primacy effect
tendency to remember things at the start of the list
recency effect
tendency to remember things at the end of the list best
relearning
easier if one spent alot of time remembering in the first place
long term potentiation
strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmission
amygdala
emotional reactions (emotional memories are harder to forget)
cerebellum
procedural memories
basal ganglia
in the frontal lobe (play key role in forming and maintaining habits)
hippocampus
processing memories and creating cognitive memories
declarative memories
encoded in the hippocampus and transferred to the temporal cortex; declare that you know something
anterograde amnesia
unable to create new memories
retrograde amnesia
unable to remember the past
infantile amnesia
not able to remember things from early childhood
Ebbinghaus
- studied nonsense syllables (TUV YOF GEK XOZ)
- devleoped forgetting curve
spacing effect
distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice (ex: studying a little every night as opposed to cramming)
memory cues
things that help us remember
proactive interference
when an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory (ex: new passwords)
retroactive interference
when a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory (ex: driving an automatic car after driving a manual one)
repression
unconsciously pushing a specific memory down
divided attention
attend to something without conscious awareness- automatic processing
effortful processing
leads to explicit memories, past knowledge that is consciously brought into the brain
types of long term memory
- episodic
- procedural
- prospective
episodic memory
story of life you can recall and explain
procedural memory
how to do things (ex: walking)
prospective memory
remembering how to do something (explicit)
memory span
what you can remember and repeat back using short term memory
maintainance rehearsal
repearing information in order to keep it in short term memory
chunking
organizing into meaningful units
elaborative encoding
linking information with something we already know
absent mindedness
forgetting caused by lapses in attention (ex: forgetting where you parked)
eidetic memory
visual images clear enough to be retained for 30 seconds
suppression
consciously pushing down a memory
memory reconstruction
memory errors are frequent
misinformation effect
memories can be embellished or even created by cues and suggestions
source amnesia
memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person
source amnesia
memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person
