Thinking Flashcards
Thinking
the manipulation of mental representations of information
mental images
representations in the mind of an object or event
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects events or people
prototype
typical highly represantative examples of a concept
Syllogistic reasoning
form of reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions
algorithm
rule that if applied appropriately guarantees a solution to a problem
Heuristic
thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision but unlike algorithm s may sometimes lead to errors
means ends analysis
involves repeated test for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exist
insight
a sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that previously appear to be independent of 1 another
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the typical use
Mental set
the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out and way more heavily information that supports ones initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypothesis or solutions
creativity
the ability to generate original ideas or soft problems in novel ways
divergent thinking
the ability to generate unusual get none the less appropriate responses to problems or questions
convergent thinking
your ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic
language
the communication of information to symbols arranged according 2 systematic rules
grammar
a system of rules the determine how are thoughts can be expressed
phonology
the study of the smallest units of speech called phonemes
Phonemes
the smallest unit the speech
syntax
ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences enter
semantics
the rules governing the meaning of words in sentences
Babble
meaningless speech like sound made by children from around the age of 3 months through 1 year
Telegraphic speech
sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out
Overgeneralization
phenomena by which children apply language rules even when the application result in an error
learning theory
approach to language development theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and condition
nativist approach
to language development theory that a genetically determined innate mechanism direct language development
Universal grammar
Noam Chomsky’s theory that all the world languages share a common underlying structure
Language acquisition device
a system of the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language
internationalist approach
to language development view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions environmental circumstances that help teach language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
notion that language shapes and they determine the way people at a particular culture perceive and understand the world
