Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus come o bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Question 3

Neutral stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

A response that is natural and need no training

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

A one- neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formally caused by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

A response that after conditioning, fallows a previously neutral stimulus

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Question 10

Stimulus generalization

Answer 10

A process in which , after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not the ability to differentiate between stimuli

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

The process y which a stimulus increases the preceding behavior will be repeated

Question 14

Reinforce

Answer 14

Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Question 15

Positive reinforce

Answer 15

A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a proceeding response

Question 16

Negative reinforce

Answer 16

An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

A stimulus that deceases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Question 18

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 18

Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement fallowing desired behavior

Question 19

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 19

Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs

Question 20

Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 20

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

Question 21

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 21

A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

Question 22

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 22

A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after fixed number.

Question 23

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 23

A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low

Question 24

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 24

A schedule by which the time between reinforcement variable around some average rather then being fixed

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior

Question 26

Behavior modification

Answer 26

A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Question 27

Cognitive learning theory

Answer 27

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

Question 28

Latent learning

Answer 28

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Question 29

Observational learning

Answer 29

Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model.