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Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

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2
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

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3
Q

Identical twins

A

Twins who are genetically identical

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4
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

Research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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5
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Research method that investigates behavior as participates age

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6
Q

Sequential research

A

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-shapes structures that contain all basic hereditary information

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8
Q

Genes

A

Parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted

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9
Q

Zygote

A

New cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Developed zygote that has a heart, brain and other organs

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11
Q

Fetus

A

A developing individual from eight weeks after conception until birth

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12
Q

Age of variability

A

The point of which a fetus can survive if born prematurely

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13
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents such as a drug chemical virus or other factor that produce a birth defect

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14
Q

Neonate

A

New born child

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15
Q

Reflexes

A

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of a certain stimuli

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16
Q

Habituation

A

Decreases in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus

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17
Q

Attachment

A

Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

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18
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

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19
Q

Permissive parents

A

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and although they are warm, require little of them

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20
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children and explain things to them

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21
Q

Uninvolved parents

A

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached

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22
Q

Temperament

A

Basic, innate disposition

23
Q

Psychological development

A

Development of individual?s interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

24
Q

Trust vs mistrust stage

A

Erikson?s first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to 1.5 years, during which the infants develop feeling of trust and lack or trust

25
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

A

Erikson?s second stage, 1.5-3 years; independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotective

26
Q

Initiative vs guilt stage

A

Erikson?s third stage; 3-6 years; experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of the action

27
Q

Industry vs inferiority stage

A

Erikson fourth stage; 6-12 years; develop positive social interaction with other or may feel inadequate and become less social

28
Q

Cognitive development

A

The process by which a child?s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience

29
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget; birth-2 years; during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images language or other symbols

30
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that objects-and people- continue to exist even if they are out of sight

31
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget; 2-7years; characterized by language development

32
Q

Egocentric thought

A

A way of thinking in which a child view the world entirely from his or her own perspective

33
Q

Principle of conservation

A

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearances of objects

34
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Piaget; 7-12 years; characterized by logical thought and loss of egocentrism

35
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Piaget; 12-adulthood; characterized by abstract thought

36
Q

Information processing

A

The way in which people take in , use and store information

37
Q

Metacognition

A

An awareness and understanding of one?s own cognitive processes

38
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

According to Vygotsky; level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own

39
Q

Adolescence

A

Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

40
Q

Puberty

A

The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 and 12 for girls and 12 or 14 for boys

41
Q

Identity vs role confusion stage

A

Erikson; a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one?s unique qualities

42
Q

Identity

A

Distinguishing character of the individual; who each of us, what our roles are, and what we are capable of

43
Q

Intimacy vs isolation stage

A

Erikson; period during adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships

44
Q

Generativity vs stagnations stage

A

Erikson; a period in middle adulthood during which we take stoke of out contributions to family and society

45
Q

Ego-integrity vs despair stage

A

Erikson; a period from late adulthood until death during which we review lives accomplishments and failures

46
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s

47
Q

Menopause

A

Period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile

48
Q

Genetic preprogramming theories of aging

A

Theories that suggest that human cells gave a built-in-time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time

49
Q

Wear-and-tear theories of aging

A

Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

50
Q

Alzheimer?s disease

A

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

51
Q

Disengagement theory of aging

A

Theory that suggest that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on psychical, psychological and social levels

52
Q

Activity theory of aging

A

Theory that suggest that the elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and action they had during middle age

53
Q

Life review

A

Process by which people examine and evaluate their lives

Psychology (10 decks)

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