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Psychology GRE > Thinking (4-6%) > Flashcards

Thinking (4-6%) Flashcards

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1
Q

What subjects are encompassed in the subject of cognitive psychology?

A

Thinking, processing, and reasoning
Problem solving, intelligence
(Also language and memory)

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2
Q

What is a “concept”

A

A relationship between two things

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3
Q

In terms of cognitive psychology what is a hypothesis?

A

Ideas used to test relationships and form concepts

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4
Q

In terms of cognitive psychology what is a “schema”?

A

An organized set of knowledge gained from prior experiences.

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5
Q

What did Jean Piaget propose about how concepts interact with schema?

A

If they fit into the schema they are assimilated into it, if they do not fit into it, then the schema may need to adjust (or accommodate) the schema

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6
Q

In terms of cognitive psychology what is a “script”

A

An idea about the way events typically unfold

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7
Q

The psychologic term for the general mental image or “platonic ideal” of something is called

A

a prototype or representative

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8
Q

Thinking about thinking is referred to as

A

Metacognition

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9
Q

What is the “problem space”

A

The sum total of possible moves one might make in order to solve a problem

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10
Q

What are “algorithims”

A

Problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually hit on the correct solution.

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11
Q

What is the downside of using an algorithm?

A

They can be time consuming for humans to use.

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12
Q

Instead of using algorithms most humans rely instead of…

A

Heuristics

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13
Q

What defines a heuristic

A

A problem solving strategy that uses rules of thumb or short-cuts based on what has worked in the past

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14
Q

What are some ways people solve problems?

A

Heuristics
Trial and Error
Algorithims
Insight

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15
Q

What is insight when it comes to problem solving?

A

Gaining a new perspective on an old problem

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16
Q

Who developed computer simulation models that are designed to solve problems as humans do?

A

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

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17
Q

What is the mental process that occurs between stimulus and response

A

Mediation

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18
Q

What is the benefit of mental mediation in problem solving?

A

A reminder of what to do or how to respond based on available ideas or past learning

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19
Q

What were two early computer simulation models of human problem solving? (learn more)

A

logic theorist

general problem solver

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20
Q

What are obstacles to problem solving?

A

1) Functional fixedness
2) Atmosphere effect
3) Semantic Effect
4) Confirmation bias

21
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

People developing closed minds about what certain objects can or should be used for

22
Q

What is the atmosphere effect?

A

Drawing conclusions based on how information is phrased

23
Q

What is the semantic effect

A

Base conclusions based on what you think is correct rather than logical deductions based on available information.

24
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Choosing to remember and use information that confirms what you already think.

25
Q

Who first defined convergent and divergent thinking?

A

J P Guilford

26
Q

In a group what often leads to divergent thinking?

A

The presence of a dissenter

27
Q

When is convergent thinking vs. divergent thinking appropriate?

A

Convergent - when you need to get to a single solution to a problem
Divergent - when there are multiple possible solutions

28
Q

What does deductive reasoning entail?

A

Coming to a specific conclusion that results from the information provided

29
Q

What does inductive reasoning entail?

A

Creating general rules inferred from specifics (is this creating schema?)

30
Q

What defines decision making?

A

Working on solving a problem until an acceptable solution is found

31
Q

How are solutions reached in decision making?

A

Using reasoning or emotion based on assumption(s) which may be rational or irrational

32
Q

What is the concept of loss aversion?

A

People are more likely to take risks when they are afraid of losing.

33
Q

What does utility theory state?

A

People make choices based on their personal preferences

34
Q

What is the difference between the availability and representativeness heuristics?

A

Availability heuristic is when you make decisions based on how likely you are to think of a specific example compared to reality, the representativeness heuristic (may be a kind of availability heuristic?) in which we make assumptions based on our prototypes/representatives to make decisions.

35
Q

Reaction time is also known as

A

Latency

36
Q

Latency in information processing is also known as

A

Reaction time

37
Q

Reaction time ___ with age

A

Declines significantly

38
Q

Who came up with parallel distributive processing?

A

Allan Collins and Ross Quillian

39
Q

What is another name for parallel distributive processing

A

Connectionism

40
Q

What is another name for connectionism?

A

parallel distributive processing

41
Q

Does it take longer to make associations between pictures or words?

A

Pictures

42
Q

The implicit bias test takes advantage of THIS to investigate subconscious cognitive relationships.

A

How semantic priming decreases reaction time.

43
Q

If the word RED is typed in YELLOW why is it harder to name the color of the ink it is printed in?

A

The Stroop effect

44
Q

Data-driven processing is what kind of processing?

A

Bottom-up processing

45
Q

What are saccades?

A

When eyes move from one fixation point to another

46
Q

Mike might be able to tell Cyndie is reading by looking at her eyes for signs of…

A

saccades (rapid movements from one fixation point to another.)

47
Q

Observations that can indicate information processing while reading is by…

A

Eye movements and gaze direction

48
Q

Intelligence is generally agreed to mean…

A

the capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment.

49
Q

What is a mental set?

A

A preconceived notion of how to look at a problem

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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