Sensation and Perception (5-7%) Flashcards
<p>What is this called?</p>
<p>Ponzo Illusion</p>
How is pattern recognition most often explained
by template matching and feature detection
Who discovered the intense specialization of cells in the visual cortex?
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
there are __ rods per ganglion cell and __ cones per ganglion cell
more rods per ganglion cell and, fewer cones per ganglion cell
what are the sensory receptor cells for vision?
rods and cones
what determines the loudness of a sound
the amplitude of the sound wave is associated with…
Who is Robert Fantz?
A psychologist who studied infant perception, especially that they prefer complex, sensical displays. They also seem to prefer to pay attention to novel stimuli and this can be used to assess whether they can tell something is different.
<p>What is this called?</p>
<p>The Müller-lyer illusion</p>
sensory adaptation
decreasing sensation or perception of an unchanging stimulus
near the center of the retina there are more
cones
about how many photoreceptor cells are in the retina of the human eye?
132 million
How is brightness perceived?
Brightness is perceived and is a combination of luminosity and context, processed even at the level of the eye. Does not have to be learned.
What is a simulation?
Something that uses perceptual cues to make artificial situations seem real.
<p>masking</p>
<p>the partial or complete obscuring of one stimulus (the target) by another (the masker).</p>
What neuromodulators may reduce or eliminate the perception of pain?
Endorphins
What is the difference between proprioception and the kinesthetic sense?
Proprioception is about where our body IS and the kinesthetic sense is about how our body is moving.
<p>the invisible gorilla test is an example of</p>
<p>inattentional blindness</p>
<p>what are Müller cells?</p>
<p>a type of retinal glial cells</p>
<p>What is contained in the middle ear?</p>
<p>Starts at the tympanic membrane, contains the three auditory ossicles, extends to the oval window.</p>
<p>What is the difference between a sensory modality and submodalities</p>
<p>Sensory modality is the general perception of the sense (such as sight, taste, smell, touch) whereas submodalities are the component physical sensations that are transduced that help make up the perception of that sense.</p>
<p>forward masking</p>
<p>when the masker is presented before the stimulus</p>
Is opponent process theory right or is component theory right?
Opponent process theory (opponent-color theory) if correct at all, may be at work in the lateral geniculate body, however component theory (trichromatic theory) appears to be correct in the retina itself.
<p>What is binocular convergence?</p>
<p>How much do our eyes have to converge (go cross eyed) for us to be able to focus on something? The more they have to converge, the closer something is to us.</p>
<p>What happens if you present animals and babies who should have little learned experience of depth with the visual cliff?</p>
<p>they avoid moving onto the "cliff" regardless of the presence of the glass.</p>
Another name for opponent color theory is…?
Another name for opponent process theory is…?
cones are particularly helpful for what kinds of vision?
color vision, daylight vision
<p>Type II Errors</p>
<p>False Negatives</p>
<p>JND</p>
<p>just noticeable difference (otherwise known as the difference threshold)</p>
<p>Who studied the visual cliff effect in babies and animals?</p>
<p>Elanor Gibson and Richard Walk</p>
<p>What causes the autokinetic effect?</p>
<p>the constant movement of our own eyes</p>
<p>What is the Purkinje shift?</p>
<p>colors (especially red) look less bright when there is less illumination in the room.</p>
<p>sense receptor</p>
<p>the cell or organ in a sensory system that is responsible for stimulus transduction. (Receptor cells are specialized to detect and respond to specific stimuli in the external or internal environment.)</p>
<p>what is the minimum principle?</p>
<p>the tendency to see what is easiest or logical to see.</p>
<p>Taste buds are also known as...</p>
<p>Papillae are also known as...</p>
<p>sensory habituation</p>
<p>sensory adaptation through central or associative mechanisms</p>
<p>what are some types of class visual illusions</p>
<p>1) ambiguous figures
2) figure ground reversal patterns
3) Impossible objects
4) The moon illusion
5) The phi phenomenon
6) The Muller-Lyer Illusion
7) The Ponzo Illusion</p>
<p>Does Weber's Law apply to all signal intensities?</p>
<p>No, it only applies to a limited range of intensities.</p>
<p>J.A. Swet</p>
<p>Proposed the Theory of Signal Detection</p>
<p>What is the two point threshold and what determines it?</p>
<p>What do you call what describes the concentration of nerves in the skin and how that relates to whether you can feel whether two points are close together or far apart?</p>
Another name for Meissner corpuscle is…
Another name for tactile corpuscles is…
<p>When we have past experience of something we are more likely to use _-_ processing, when we do not we are more likely to use _-_ processing.</p>
<p>Bottom-down processing is used most when we have _ experience of something, top-up processing when we have _ experience of something.</p>
<p>What part of the brain is associated with smell?</p>
<p>The olfactory bulb?</p>
<p>Which theory of perception focuses on top-down processing?</p>
<p>Gestalt Psychology</p>
<p>Gestalt Psychology postulates...</p>
<p>Perception is a result of top down processing with people seeing the world in terms of organized wholes rather than constituent parts.</p>
<p>What is the difference between luminance and brightness?</p>
<p>luminance the amount of light reflected or emitted from an object as measured in candelas per square meter and brightness is a perception of that luminance</p>
<p>Who did the invisible gorilla test?</p>
<p>Daniel Simmons and Christopher Chabris 1999</p>
<p>around the edges of the retina there are more \_\_\_</p>
<p>rods</p>
<p>What is the visual field?</p>
<p>The span that can be detected or perceived by the eye at a given moment.</p>
Why can the sensation of a phantom limb occur?
Because the brain can perceive proprioception even in the absence of sensory input.
<p>Weber's Law</p>
<p>K (the Weber Fraction for that situation) = Δ I (difference threshold) / I (the original intensity)</p>
<p>humans hear frequencies around \_\_\_\_\_ best</p>
<p>1,000 Hz</p>
<p>What is the ponzo illusion?</p>
<p>due to linear perspective, two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of the to vertical lines that slant inward.</p>
<p>Does a sensation also have to be perceived?</p>
<p>Yes. According to the APA, a sensation has to be conscious experience</p>
<p>Does Weber's Law apply to all senses?</p>
<p>Yes</p>
<p>how is perception defined in psychology?</p>
<p>it is the experience, organization, and/or interpretation of sensations</p>
<p>What is trichromatic theory?</p>
<p>The theory that there are blue, green, and red cone color receptors int he eye.</p>
<p>What is an afterimage?</p>
<p>Because of the overstimulation or fatigue of one set of paired receptors after looking at a set image for a long time it can no longer respond and is overshadowed by its opposite. (green afterimage for red, dark afterimage after looking at white)</p>
<p>Are difference thresholds proportional or absolute?</p>
<p>proportional</p>
What was the original opponent color theory?
That there are sets of cones that respond to blue-yellow color and rods that respond to red-greenish colors. When one of the color pair is stimulated the other is inhibited.
<p>Max Wertheimer</p>
<p>founder of Gestalt Theory</p>
<p>E.H. Weber</p>
<p>Proposed Weber's Law regarding difference thresholds</p>
<p>what is multistability?</p>
<p>when our perception of something flips from one stable interpretations to another.</p>
<p>rods are particularly helpful for what kinds of vision?</p>
<p>night or dim light vision, peripheral vision</p>
<p>Who came up with the spotlight model of attention?</p>
<p>William James</p>
<p>The false positive rate is also equal to...</p>
<p>1 minus specificity is also equal to...</p>
<p>Which theories of perception currently appear to be correct?</p>
<p>All of them, perception is innate and learned, sensory and conceptual.</p>
<p>Why does an afterimage occur?</p>
<p>due to receptor fatigue</p>
<p>What is contained in the inner ear?</p>
<p>- Oval Window
- Cochlea (basilar membrane (with hair cells), organ of corti), vestibular labyrinth (semi-circular canals, vestibular sacs)</p>
<p>does the fovea contain more rods or cones?</p>
<p>cones</p>
<p>In German "gestalt" means</p>
<p>German for "whole" or "form"</p>
<p>Who came up with the place resonance theory of sound perception?</p>
<p>Herman von Helmholtz</p>
<p>Does depth perception seem to be innate or learned?</p>
<p>innate</p>
<p>Is the perception of brightness absolute or relative?</p>
<p>relative</p>
<p>The 5 basic tastes are</p>
<p>sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami</p>
<p>What is the autokinetic effect?</p>
<p>a single point of light viewed in darkness will appear to shake or move</p>
<p>what is another name for color?</p>
<p>hue</p>
<p>what is one theory about why sensory adaptation occurs?</p>
<p>tradeoff information about stimulus magnitude for information about changing stimuli</p>
<p>A false positive is also called a</p>
False alarm
Who proposed the idea of opponent-process?
Who is Ewald Hering?
<p>Gustav Fechner</p>
<p>Proposed Fechner's law and is believed to have coined the term "psychophysics"</p>
<p>ROC curve</p>
<p>receiver operating characteristic curve</p>
<p>What does the figure and ground relationship refer to?</p>
<p>The difference between the meaningful element of the visual field versus the background.</p>
<p>What are the consequences of multitasking?</p>
<p>Slower progress, increased likelihood of mistakes</p>
<p>what is the unit of sound frequency?</p>
<p>Hertz (Hz)</p>
<p>What is lateral inhibition?</p>
<p>Once one receptor cell is stimulated, others nearby are inhibited. (primarily to allow the eye to see contrast)</p>
<p>at what level does sensory adaptation occur?</p>
<p>from sensory receptors to high level perception</p>
<p>Why does interposition help us with depth perception?</p>
<p>Usually the item that is closer to us covers the items farther behind.</p>
<p>difference threshold</p>
<p>the smallest amount stimulus must change before that change will be detected 50% of the time</p>
<p>what are the muscles that help bend the lens of the eye called?</p>
<p>ciliary muscles</p>
<p>What is physiologic zero?</p>
<p>What is the name for the temperature that is sensed as neither hot nor cold?</p>
<p>What are some examples of perceptual constancy</p>
<p>brightness constancy, size constancy, color constancy, shape constancy</p>
<p>Another name for the external ear canal is...</p>
<p>Another name for the auditory canal is...</p>
<p>Who came up with the gate control theory of pain?</p>
<p>Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall</p>
<p>sensory fatigue</p>
<p>a sensory receptor cannot be stimulated by ongoing stimuli</p>
<p>Which theory of perception focuses on bottom-up processing?</p>
<p>Structuralist Theory</p>
<p>Negative Predictive Value</p>
<p>True Negatives/Total Negative Results</p>
<p>Type I Errors</p>
<p>False Positive</p>
<p>What is the difference between general senses and special senses?</p>
<p>General senses are distributed throughout the body whereas special senses have sense organs dedicated to them</p>
<p>another name for using texture to sense depth perception is \_\_\_?</p>
<p>atmospheric perspective</p>
<p>A false negative is also called a</p>
<p>Miss</p>
<p>S. S. Stevens</p>
<p>Proposed Steven's Law on perception</p>
<p>Another name for sensitivity is...</p>
<p>Another name for the true positive rate is...</p>
<p>What are the receptors of the kinesthetic sense?</p>
<p>Spindles (located in muscles)</p>
<p>Nativist Theory postulates that...</p>
<p>Perception and cognition are genetic and innate - we are born with the potential for all perceptual capabilities which develop as we mature.</p>
<p>Explain the concept of perceptual constancy</p>
<p>the phenomenon in which an object or its properties (e.g., size, shape, color) appear unchanged despite variations in the stimulus itself or in the external conditions of observation, such as object orientation or level of illumination. Allows us to identify the same object under different conditions.</p>
<p>How are sounds localized?</p>
<p>High pitched sounds are localized based on differential intensities between the different ears, and low pitched sounds are localized based on phase differences between the different ears.</p>
<p>Fechner's Law</p>
<p>Ψ = k logS - where Ψ is the sensation, k is a constant, and S is the physical intensity of the stimulus</p>
<p>A true positive is also called a ...</p>
<p>Hit</p>
<p>Pragnanz is associated with what psychological theory?</p>
<p>Gestalt Psychology</p>
<p>the center of the retina with the most acute, detailed vision is called the</p>
<p>fovea</p>
<p>What information about depth perception do we get from monocular cues?</p>
<p>1) Apparent size (though we have to know about how big the object SHOULD be)
2) Motion parallax (how fast should something be moving, things seem to move more slowly when they are farther away)
3) Interposition
4) Linear perspective
5) Texture (atmospheric perspective)
6) Height in plane (things we can see higher up are likely farther away)
7) Light and shadow (give us assumptions about something's 3D shape)</p>
<p>How does texture help us with depth perception?</p>
<p>Usually objects farther away have more smooth, indistinct textures than objects closer to us.</p>
<p>What senses do we have?</p>
<p>olfaction, gustation, audition, vision, somatosensation, nociception, vestibular sense, thermoreception, proprioception, the kinesthesic sense</p>
<p>sensory reception</p>
<p>Reception is the process of activating a sensory receptor by a stimuli.</p>
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located?
In the dermis, particularly in dermal papillae and particularly in areas of high touch sensitivity such as hands, soles of feet, lips, genitalia etc.
<p>3 cellular types of sensory receptors</p>
<p>1) free nerve endings, 2) encapsulated nerve endings, 3) specialized receptor cells</p>
<p>the optic nerves are made up of what kind of cell?</p>
<p>the ganglion cells</p>
<p>Steven's Law</p>
<p>a psychophysical relationship stating that the psychological magnitude of a sensation is proportional to a power of the stimulus producing it. This can be expressed as Ψ = ks^n, where Ψ is the sensation, k is a constant of proportionality, s is the stimulus magnitude, and n is a function of the particular stimulus</p>
<p>Pacinian corpuscles sense...</p>
<p>What type of receptors sense displacement of skin?</p>
<p>Sensitivity</p>
<p>True Positives/Real Positives</p>
<p>interoceptors</p>
<p>sensory receptors that detect information from internal organs and processes</p>
Why might the Müller-Lyer Illusion Work?
It’s unclear, especially since it may be culturally dependent, but computers using some visual processing rules can still make similar mistakes. It may have to do with convergence/divergence and/or depth processing cues.
<p>backward masking</p>
<p>when the masker is presented shortly after the stimulus</p>
<p>Theory of Signal Detection (or theory of signal detection)</p>
<p>Motivation plays a role in signal detection.</p>
<p>Free nerve endings sense...</p>
<p>Nociception and thermoreception are have what kind of receptor?</p>
<p>Describe the neurophysiologic pathway of vision</p>
<p>light comes in through the conjunctiva, cornea, lens, vitreous, hits the retina (especially on the fovea) hitting outer segment of rods and cones leading to a hyperpolarization that reduces neurotransmitter release to bipolar cells, they then signal ganglion cells.</p>
<p>Four gestalt principles of grouping</p>
<p>similarity, proximity, continuity, completion</p>
<p>visual acuity is ...</p>
<p>the ability to see fine details</p>
<p>What is an example of depth perception given by linear perspective</p>
<p>apparently parallel lines converging</p>
<p>exteroreceptors</p>
<p>sensory receptors that detect the world outside of the organism</p>
<p>What is another name for multitasking?</p>
<p>Divided attention</p>
<p>The attenuation model of attention helps explain what effect?</p>
<p>The cocktail party effect</p>
<p>Describe the elements of the spotlight model of selective attention</p>
<p>Humans FOCUS on one particular task, while there are things in the FRINGE, and then the MARGIN is the limit of what we can pay attention to until the spotlight focuses on a different task.</p>
<p>What is the name for the concept that things appear to move more slowly when they are farther away?</p>
<p>Motion parallax</p>
<p>Who proposed component theory?</p>
<p>Thomas Young and Herman von Helmholtz.</p>
<p>Specificity</p>
<p>True Negatives/Real Negatives</p>
<p>what are the two things we sense about light?</p>
<p>wavelength (color/hue) and brightness/physical intensity.</p>
<p>absolute threshold</p>
<p>the level at which something goes from being undetectable to detectable by our senses at least 50% of the time</p>
<p>What does the resources model of attention state?</p>
<p>Humans have a limited amount of attention at any given time.</p>
<p>simultaneous masking</p>
<p>when the masker and stimuli are presented at the same time</p>
How does a Meissner’s corpusle work?
Displacement of collagen fibers attached to the epidermis and dermis lead to deformation of the lamellae and bending of the nerve axon which triggers an action potential.
<p>Empiricist Theory postulates that...</p>
<p>Perception is learned and develops as individuals adapt to his or her environment.</p>
What is the most important cue for depth perception?
binocular disparity
<p>What are some general senses?</p>
<p>Touch, pressure, and vibration, heat (thermoreception), pain (nociception), position (proprioception), and muscle movement (kinesthetic).</p>
<p>are there more rods or cones in the eye?</p>
<p>rods (by 20 to 1)</p>
<p>A true negative is also called a ...</p>
<p>Correct rejection</p>
<p>what is the moon illusion</p>
<p>how context affects perception, the horizon provides contextual cues the night sky does not that makes the moon seem larger</p>
<p>which areas of the body contain receptive fields?</p>
<p>body surface, muscles, joints, internal organs, special sense organs</p>
<p>Who came up with the filter model of attention</p>
<p>Donald Broadbent</p>
<p>What are the three bones of the inner ear?</p>
<p>The malleus, incus, and stapes</p>
What is the auditory nerve pathway?
Hair cells organ of corti olivary nucleus inferior colliculus medial geniculate body
<p>What is timbre?</p>
<p>the complexity of a sound wave is associated with...</p>
<p>receptive field</p>
<p>distinct region of sensory space that can produce a response when stimulated</p>
<p>figure-ground reversal patterns are a type of</p>
<p>ambiguous figure</p>
<p>proprioceptors</p>
<p>sensory receptors that detect information about position and load</p>
<p>what is the phi phenomenon?</p>
<p>the tendency to see apparent motion from flashing lights or still frame cartoons.</p>
<p>Another name for trichromatic theory is...?</p>
<p>Another name for component theory is...?</p>
<p>Describe the elements of the filter model of attention</p>
<p>Sensory information goes into sensory stores, but goes through a selective filter which creates a bottleneck where only attended messages get through for higher level processing and working memory.</p>
<p>What is the concept of pragnanz?</p>
<p>experience will be organized to be 1) meaningful, 2) symmetric, and 3) simple whenever possible.</p>
<p>Structuralist Theory postulates...</p>
<p>Perception is the sum total of sensory input, created by bottom-up processing of sensory data and integration of that data.</p>
<p>what is the visual cliff?</p>
<p>a thick layer of glass above a surface that drops off sharply, it is safe to walk on but appears to have a sharp drop.</p>
<p>What is another name for afterimages?</p>
<p>The McCollough effect</p>
<p>TSD</p>
<p>Theory of Signal Detection</p>
<p>sensory accommodation</p>
<p>the threshold for a stimulus to be detected is increased when the stimulus magnitude is increased slowly</p>
how is sensation different than perception?
sensation : perception:: ... simple : complex physiologic : psychologic natural : learned instant : prolonged bottom-up : top-down experiencing internally : thinking externally
What determines the pitch of a sound wave?
the frequency of the sound wave is associated with…
What is the name of a receptor that relates to thirst?
Osmoreceptors
Meissner’s corpuscles sense…
Superficial, sensitive sensation and touch, (fine discriminative touch and vibration within 3-5mm, possibly instrumental in grip control
What temperature is physiologic zero for the hands and feet?
What is the significance of the temperature 32C or 90F?
What are receiver operating characteristic curves?
A graphical representation that plots a test or subject’s false positive rate (also = 1-specificity) (x-axis) versus sensitivity (y-axis) for different signal intensities. The area under the curve provides information on accuracy with 1 being perfect, and 0.5 being no better than random chance.
approximately how many of the nerves from each pathway cross at the optic chiasm?
50%
Is there a specific kind of receptor for proprioception?
Evidence suggests it is also primarily the muscle spindles however, other populations of sensory nerves (esp. skin) may also be involved and it may be tied to the larger order perceptions of body image.
what helps increase image resolution in the fovea?
the ratio of photoreceptors to bipolar and ganglion cells
psychophysics
the study of the quantitative relationship between physical sensations and physical stimuli
Who came up with the attenuation model of attention?
Anne Treisman
How does the attenuation model of attention vary from the filter model of attention?
Instead of sensory information decaying sensory information is attenuated (like the volume is turned up or down on it) and it still goes into higher level processing and working memory even if it doesn’t NEED to be processed in that moment
The place resonance theory of sound perception states that…
Different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
sensory transduction
the process by which physical sensation is changed into electrical messages the brain can understand
the ciliary muscles allow the lens of the eye to bend or __ to focus light on the retina
accommodate
How does binocular disparity allow us to perceive depth?
Calculates how we are seeing the same object differently between our two eyes. Large differences in the images between our two eyes mean that something is really close, small disparities mean something is farther away.
What is the tendency to turn toward something that has touched you?
The orienting reflex
what is the müller-lyer illusion?
horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of the orientation of arrow marks on the end (facing inward versus outward)
Positive Predictive Value
True Positives/Total Positive Results
Define subliminal
Stimuli that are below the absolute or difference threshold
Define subliminal consciousness
a level of consciousness at which a stimulus may affect behavior even though the person is not explicitly aware of it
Does subliminal persuasion work?
Experimental evidence indicates that subliminal commands may not directly affect behavior but may prime later responses
What is supraliminal perception?
the processing of above-threshold information that is ignored by the perceiver
How is vision processed neurologically?
1) (retina)
2) optic nerve
2) optic chiasm
3) optic tracts
4) lateral geniculate bodies of the midbrain (*Where the original nerves synapse)
5) optic radiations
5) visual cortex (medial aspect of the occipital lobe)
How many layers make up the human retina?
10 layers
On a molecular level how does light sensation occur?
Light isomerizes 11-cis retinal which activates its covalently conjugated rhodopsin.
This leads to a GDP > GTP and catalyzes a causes a cascade of cation channel closures, hyperpolarization, and decreased glutamate (an excitatory NT) to bipolar cells.
What is the lateral geniculate body?
A posterolateral extension of the thalamus, and part of the midbrain.
What are the 5 cells that help with visual processing in the retina?
1) photoreceptors
2) bipolar cells
3) amacrine cells
4) horizontal cells
5) ganglion cells
Describe the cellular pathway of vision at the cellular level
Photoreceptor > bipolar cell > ganglion cell
modified by lateral interactions with amacrine and horizontal cells
Amacrine and horizontal cells in the retina are also known as what kind of cell?
Interneurons
What cells in the retina are responsible for helping us better see contrast and how?
Horizontal cells, by laterally inhibiting more distant photoreceptors and bipolar cells.
What is the proposed role of amacrine cells?
To modulate the networking between bipolar and ganglion cells, potentially in complex ways.
A common illusion that highlights that brightness is largely subjective is called
simultaneous contrast display
What is luminosity?
The rate at which visible electromagnetic radiation is emitted from or reflected by a specific source.
The energy in a given photon of light is determined by what physical attribute of that photon?
It’s frequency/wavelength
If a electromagnetic wave of the same frequency has a different amplitude (brightness - luminosity) why is that?
Because it contains multiple photons of the same frequency. (Dual particle/wave nature of light)
What is the difference between a positive and negative afterimage?
A positive afterimage is when you continue to see the same stimuli after it is removed, the negative after image is where you see the complementary color
Why is a positive afterimage thought to occur?
Continued ocular nerve impulses
Aside from length of time looking at objects what other kind of preferential looking had been assessed in infants?
What do they look at first?
