Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology GRE > Learning (3-5%) > Flashcards

Learning (3-5%) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Vocabulary flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is forward conditioning?

A

When the neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Technology may be impairing which cognitive abilities?

A

1) situational analysis
2) problem solving
3) information recall
4) attention span & concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are primary punishments?

A

Most species do not have to learn about negative consequences (pain, bitter taste, loud noise, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which type of learning is key to Gestalt psychology?

A

Insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is another name for incidental learning?

A

Accidental learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is stimulus generalization and why is it important?

A

It is the ability to respond the same way to similar enough stimuli (such as a fire alarm.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who first described the learning curve?

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was E.L. Thorndike?

A

He proposed the “law of effect” and the theory of “connectionism” after seeing cats can learn complex tasks through trial and error, solving the puzzles faster in the subsequent trials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define stimulus

A

Any event an organism reacts to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the weakness in theories that postulate drives focus on creating balance or the reduction of drives?

A

Individuals will often seek out stimulation, novel experience, or sometimes even self-destruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who applied the expectancy-value theory to large organizations?

A

Victor Vroom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The approach-avoidance conflict is a conflict related to what?

A

Goal setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Learning in observational learning occurs through what mechanism?

A

Modeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is another term for behavioral shaping?

A

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Pavolv’s experiment what was the unconditioned response?

A

salivation in response to food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In order to learn or perform an individual must first be be sufficiently ___

A

Aroused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does taste aversion learning differ from other forms of classical conditoning?

A

1) Response only takes one pairing, 2) response takes a very long time to extinguish, if ever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson effect?

A

That maximum performance is an inverted U curve with lowest performance on extremes of arousal with the best performance somewhere in the middle (though the ideal amount varies by task.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define secondary reinforcement

A

A learned reinforcer (often learned through society.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who first developed the theory of association?

A

Kurt Lawin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is undergeneralization?

A

The failure tos generalize a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define primary reinforcement

A

When something is natural reinforcing on its own without learning (ie. food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who created the hypothetico-deductive model?

A

Clark Hull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who proposed expectancy-value theory?

A

Edward Tolman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who proposed the approach-avoidance conflict theory?

A

Neil Miller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is “autoshaping”

A

An animal uses an apparatus (like a button or bar) to control its own reinforcements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is “sensitization” when it comes to learning?

A

Increased sensitivity to the environment following a strong stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What experiments suggested evidence against the drive reduction theory?

A

Electrical stimulation of pleasure centers of the brain were used as positive reinforcement and animals would perform behaviors to receive the stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the approach-avoidance conflict say about when an individual will approach and when they will avoid?

A

They will approach when a goal seems far away, they will avoid when a goal seems close to being achieved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the goal of punishment?

A

To extinguish an undesired behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the concept of “preparedness” in classical conditioning?

A

The idea that some associations are made more readily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is observational learning NOT a type of associative learning?

A

It does not require any reinforcement, associations, or practice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the order of Maslow’s heirarchy of needs?

A

physiological > safety > love/belonging > self-esteem > self-actualizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What refers to the characteristics that indicate a person’s ability to learn?

A

Aptitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is Gestalt psychology relevant to insight learning?

A

It is concerned with how people think about and organize elements in relationship to one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which partial reinforcement schedule does little to motivate?

A

The fixed interval schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Who discovered the concept of “preparedness” in classical conditioning?

A

John Garcia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How was the existence of latent learning shown?

A

Rats that explore a maze learn the maze well and can run the maze quickly to find food (once provided), even if they’re not being rewarded with food during their training.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the difference between habituation and dehabituation?

A

If you remove and reintroduce the stimulus to which the organism had become habituated it will start to notice it again (the organism was dishabituated).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another term for “differential reinforcement of successful approximations”?

A

Behavioral shaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is “superstitious behavior”

A

Associative learning of an incorrect cause and effect relationship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are two types of forward conditioning?

A

Delayed conditioning and trace conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does the expectancy-value theory apply to hierarchies within organizations?

A

Those lower in an organization are not likely to expect incentives so are not motivated to achieve them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In Pavolv’s experiment what was the conditioned response?

A

salivation in response to light or a bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the Premack principle?

A

The idea of motivating yourself to do something you do NOT like to do by rewarding yourself with something you DO like to do afterward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

There are several theories that postulate that people are driven is a desire to have balance with respect to their feelings, ideas, and behaviors. What are these theories?

A

1) Fritz Heider’s balance theory
2) Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory
3) Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the difference between delayed and trace conditioning?

A

In trace conditioning, the neutral stimulus has been removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented. In delayed conditioning, it is still present when the unconditioned stimulus is first presented.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define learning

A

relatively permanent or stable changes in behavior as the result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Another name for social learning theory is

A

Social cognitive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are some examples of partial reinforcement schedules?

A
  1. Fixed ratio schedule (consistent number of responses)
  2. Variable ratio schedule (variable number of responses)
  3. Fixed interval schedule (the next correct response after a fixed amount of time)
  4. Variable interval schedule (the next correct response after a variable amount of time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In Pavolv’s experiment what was the neutral stimulus

A

the light or bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does nAch mean?

A

Need for Achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Who was able to show that “neurons that fire together wire together”?

A

Donald Hebb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Who performed the pleasure stimulation studies in monkeys?

A

M. E. Olds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is another name for the Garcia effect?

A

Conditioned nausea

56
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

Using punishment to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

57
Q

What is stimulus conditioning?

A

When the unconditioned and neutral stimulus are presented at the same time.

58
Q

Which types of motor tasks are easier to learn?

A

Continuous > discrete

59
Q

What are the terms to describe how learning one task will make learning a subsequent tasks either easier or harder?

A

Positive (easier) or negative (harder) transfer

60
Q

Group projects are supposed to foster…

A

Cooperative learning

61
Q

What does “extinction” mean in the context of learning?

A

The reversal of conditioning, often accomplished by disassociation or withholding reinforcement.

62
Q

What are examples of some secondary reinforcers?

A

Money, prestige, verbal praise, awards

63
Q

Who proposed the model of insight learning?

A

Wolfgang Köhler

64
Q

What is another name for a secondary drive? (learning/motivation)

A

An acquired drive

65
Q

What is another name for a primary drive (learning/motivation)

A

An instinctual drive

66
Q

Slot machines are based on which reinforcement schedule?

A

Variable ratio schedule

67
Q

What is the basis of Hull’s theory of motivation?

A

That individuals will do what has worked in the past to satisfy a drive.

68
Q

Who developed the theory of observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

69
Q

What is “overshadowing” as it refers to learning?

A

In classical conditioning when an animal cannot condition to the stimulus due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus.

70
Q

Which scientist showed that monkeys were better at learning different tasks after having multiple learning experiences?

A

Harry Harlow

71
Q

What does “spontaneous recovery” mean in the context of learning.

A

The reemergence of a behavior without any apparent additional reinforcement or association.

72
Q

There is a model/equation that was designed to try to logically explain the rules that govern behavior. What was this model called?

A

the hypothetico-deductive model

73
Q

The motivation to simply try something new may be called a…

A

exploratory drive

74
Q

What is another name for an acquired drive? (learning/motivation)

A

A secondary drive

75
Q

What is another name for an instinctual drive? (learning/motivation)

A

A primary drive

76
Q

What did John Atkinson say about goal setting?

A

People will aim to set realistic goals with intermediate risk rather than unrealistic high risk goals.

77
Q

What does a typical learning curve look like?

A

There is positive acceleration in the early stages of learning as the rate of learning increases and then it transitions to negative acceleration as the rate of learning decreases

78
Q

What are types of non-associative, non-observational learning?

A

1) Habituation
2) Dishabituation
3) Sensitization
4) Desensitization

79
Q

What is stimulus discrimination and why is it important?

A

It is the ability to tell different stimuli apart and it is important because to respond appropriately to different stimuli we need to be able to tell them apart.

80
Q

What happens during an “extinction burst”?

A

If a behavior has been trained using operant conditioning it may initially be presented MORE often before reaching extinction.

81
Q

In Pavolv’s experiment what was the conditioned stimulus

A

the light or bell once it has been paired with the food

82
Q

What is “chaining” in the context of learning?

A

Linking behaviors together in a row that ultimately results in a reward at the end of the chain.

83
Q

What is another name for accidental learning?

A

Incidental learning

84
Q

Skinner’s first two initials are?

A

B. F.

85
Q

What is involved in punishment?

A

An unwanted behavior results in presentation of a negative stimulus .

86
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Adding something desirable to increase the likelihood of a desired response.

87
Q

How does age affect learning?

A

Easiest to learn between 3-20, plateaus between 20-50, declines after 50

88
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Removing something undesireable to increase the likelihood of a desired response.

89
Q

What is the premise of social cognitive theory?

A

That individuals learn through their culture what is and isn’t acceptable when interacting in society.

90
Q

The theory of association was the precursor to …

A

Classical conditioning

91
Q

Who came up with the zone of proximal development?

A

Lev Vygotsky

92
Q

Does punishment work?

A

Severe punishment may effectively extinguish undesireable behavior. However, it can have negative consequences.

93
Q

What amount of arousal is best for simple tasks? complex tasks? in general

A

1) high, 2) low, 3) never at extremes

94
Q

What is the significance of vicarious reward or vicarious punishment

A

Witnessing the rewards or punishments others receive may increase or decrease the likelihood of engaging in that behavior.

95
Q

What is another name conditioned nausea

A

The Garcia Effect

96
Q

What were the elements of a Skinner box?

A

1) A lever
2) a hole for food rewards
3) an electrified floor grid

97
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

When conditions start to be stacked on one another. (ie. when a conditioned stimulus (not an unconditioned stimulus) is used to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.)

98
Q

Who founded the school of behavioralism?

A

John B. Watson

99
Q

What was the motivation model proposed by Hull?

A

That performance = drive * habit

100
Q

What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

A

In positive punishment something undesired is added, in negative punishment, something desired is taken away.

101
Q

Who wrote the first educational psychology textbook?

A

Thorndike

102
Q

What is key to the ideal of behavioralism?

A

1) That only objective and observable elements are importance to organisms and pyschology
2) That everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains

103
Q

What does “learning to learn” mean?

A

That if you have exposure to different learning experiences, you may be better at learning unrelated tasks as well.

104
Q

The Bobo doll experiments were conducted by

A

Albert Bandura

105
Q

What is “desensitization” when it comes to learning

A

Decreased sensitivity to the environment following the presentation of a strong stimulus

106
Q

What is avoidance conditioning?

A

Teaching the animal to avoid a predictable, unpleasant stimulus.

107
Q

Describe scaffolded learning

A

Give a student an indepent assignment and provide only the assistance or resources beyond the student’s capability, providing less assistance over time to build encourage independence.

108
Q

What is a token economy?

A

Artificial mini economies where people are motivated by secondary reinforcers (tokens, points, tickets) they can exchange for more desirable reinforcers.

109
Q

What is insight learning?

A

As opposed to trial and error or behavioral shaping the solution to a problem occurs at once (a flash of “insight”)

110
Q

Name the term that describes how it is easier to remember something if you are in a similar situation as when you learned the information

A

State dependent learning

111
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

The neutral stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

112
Q

What is the theory of association?

A

Things can be grouped because they occur together in time and space.

113
Q

Pavlov’s dog studies are an example of what kind of learning?

A

Classical conditioning

114
Q

What is the model behind expectancy-value theory?

A

Performance = Expectation * Value

115
Q

Densensitization is often used to treat what?

A

Phobias

116
Q

What is “latent learning”

A

Learning that is “saved for later use” when it will be relevant or needed.

117
Q

Radical behaviorism said that what was NOT important in learning or behavior in animals OR humans?

A

Thoughts or feelings

118
Q

What is the premise behind hedonism?

A

People are motivated solely by what brings the most pleasure and the least pain

119
Q

What are secondary punishments?

A

Consequences that may be less obviously undesireable.

120
Q

A continuous reinforcement schedule involves…

A

Every correct response gets some kind of reinforcement

121
Q

What is one example of “preparedness” for classical conditioning?

A

Conditioned nausea is most likely to be associated with food or drink (as opposed to a light).

122
Q

What is another name for operant conditioning?

A

Instrument conditioning

123
Q

Describe cooperative learning in the zone of proximal development

A

Students are placed with another student who is slightly more advanced, the lower achieving student is able to improve through the interaction.

124
Q

Who was able to show mice had cognitive maps of mazes they could use if specific routes were blocked off?

A

Tolman

125
Q

What is another name for instrument conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning

126
Q

Another name for social cognitive theory is

A

Social learning theory

127
Q

What is escape conditioning?

A

Teaches an animal to perform a desired behavior to get away from an unpredictable, unpleasant stimulus.

128
Q

The Law of Effect was the precursor to…

A

Operant conditioning

129
Q

Which researchers proposed people are motivated by a need for achievement (or to avoid failure)?

A

Henry Murray and David McClelland

130
Q

Who did studies on latent learning?

A

Edward C. Tolman

131
Q

Is there proof that violent movies, video games, TV shows increase violence in real life?

A

There is a correlation but causation has not been proven.

132
Q

What was Pavlov’s first name?

A

Ivan

133
Q

What are the pros and cons of a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A

Fastest learning, fragile learning

134
Q

What is the basis of expectancy-value theory?

A

People are motivated 1) by goals they think they will actually meet 2) important goals.

135
Q

In Pavolv’s experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A

the food

136
Q

Describe purposive behaviorism

A

the idea that behavioral acts have a goal or purpose that selects and guides the behavioral sequence until the goal or purpose is attained

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions