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Social (12-14%) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of how people relate to and influence each other

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2
Q

Who did the first official social psychology experiment and what was the experiment?

A

Normal Triplett studied bicyclists and found that they performed better when paced by others than when bicycling alone.

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3
Q

What is “life space”

A

the collection of forces upon an individual

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4
Q

Who is considered to be the founder of social psychology?

A

Kurt Lewin

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5
Q

Who founded attribution theory?

A

Fritz Heider

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6
Q

What does balance theory state?

A

That people will try to make their feelings and/or actions appear consistent to preserve psychology homeostasis

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7
Q

the psychological desire for consistency is highlighted by what social theory?

A

Balance theory

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8
Q

The opposite of automatic processing is…

A

controlled processing

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9
Q

What is controlled processing?

A

Processing data with systemic, logical, and thoughtful awareness.

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10
Q

When people anticipate more positive than negative outcomes this is called…

A

Optimism bias

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11
Q

When you think something will take less time than it actually does this is called…

A

Planning fallacy

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12
Q

What is the overconfidence bias?

A

Making predictions and judgements about ourselves without considering relevant facts.

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13
Q

What is the technical term for “what if X had happened instead?” type thinking?

A

Counterfactual thinking

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14
Q

What is it called when we imagine something will happen that is unfeasible when considered realistically?

A

Magical thinking

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15
Q

What is terror mangement?

A

The efforts we make to keep our fear of death and an uncontrollable world at bay.

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16
Q

What is expressed by our tone, pitch, and rate of speech is referred to as

A

Paralanguage

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17
Q

How can one detect deception?

A

Paying attention to microexpressions, exaggerated facial expressions, and changes in linguistic style.

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18
Q

Who argued that there are 6 basic emotions?

A

Paul Ekman

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19
Q

What were the 6 basic emotions proposed by Ekman?

A

sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust

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20
Q

What is FACS coding?

A

Facial Action Coding system that helps code facial expressions (for instance to figure out if a smile is genuine)

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21
Q

Who proposed that the attributions we make are generally accurate?

A

Harold Kelley

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22
Q

Kelley said that we base our assessments of attribution on what factors?

A

1) Consistency
2) Distinctiveness
3) Consensus

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23
Q

Another name for external attribution is…

A

situational attribution

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24
Q

Another name for internal attribution is

A

dispositional attribution

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25
Q

Another name for situational attribution is

A

external attribution

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26
Q

Another name for dispositional attribution is

A

internal attribution

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27
Q

Another name for the fundamental attribution error is

A

the correspondence bias

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28
Q

What is the essential element of the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency to assigning a person’s bad behavior to dispositional rather than situational attributions.

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29
Q

What is actor-observe attributional divergence?

A

The fact that someone doing the behavior is likely to have a different understanding of attribution than someone watching the behavior.

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30
Q

Human’s tendency to interpret our own actions and motives in a positive way, thinking we are better than average, taking credit for successes (while blaming others for failures) is referred to as the

A

Self-serving attributional bias

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31
Q

A particularly important influence on human behavior is appearing in a way that will be accepted by others and that appears in line with our attitudes. This is referred to as our ___ and we influence it through ____

A

Self-presentation, impression management

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32
Q

When we incorrectly assume two things have a relationship this is called

A

An illusory correlation

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33
Q

The belief that most other people think/believe as you do is referred to as the…

A

False consensus bias

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34
Q

Who studied consistency by showing that if people were told a statement, came up with their own logical explanation for the statement, and then were told that statement was false, that they continued to believe that statement (despite having learned it was false?)

A

Lee Ross

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35
Q

What is the bias that makes you believe that you knew something all along?

A

The hindsight bias

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36
Q

Who showed that we only think we know why we do what we do (when we really have no idea)

A

Richard Nisbett

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37
Q

What is the base-rate fallacy?

A

Our tendency to overestimate the frequency of things we are the most familiar with?

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38
Q

What is the term for our tendency to overestimate how frequently things we are familiar with occur?

A

The base rate fallacy

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39
Q

What is the bias that leads to victim blaming?

A

The just-world bias

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40
Q

What does the just-world bias imply?

A

That good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

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41
Q

Who suggested the just world bias?

A

M.J. Lerner

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42
Q

When people believe they control their own luck this is called…

A

The illusion of control

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43
Q

Who studied the illusion of control?

A

Ellen Langer

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44
Q

Oversimplification is likely to lead to what 2 errors?

A

1) making simple explanations for complex problems

2) holding onto original causal ideas even after receiving new information.

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45
Q

What is an attitude?

A

A relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive. Attitudes provide summary evaluations of target objects and are often assumed to be derived from specific beliefs, emotions, and past behaviors associated with those objects.

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46
Q

How does a self-fulfilling prophecy occur?

A

1) false definition of the situation
2) evokes a new behavior
3) that behavior turns the false definition true

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47
Q

Who came up with the theory of cognitive dissonance?

A

Leon Festinger

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48
Q

What does the theory of cognitive dissonance propose?

A

Holding conflicting beliefs results in tension or discomfort, as a result people will change their thoughts, behaviors or beliefs to relieve that tension.

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49
Q

Who came up with self-perception theory?

A

Daryl Bem

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50
Q

What does self-perception theory suggest?

A

People are unsure of their beliefs so they take cues from their own behavior.

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51
Q

What is one theory behind why once you start getting paid for something you would normally enjoy doing, you seem to stop enjoying it so much?

A

overjustification theory

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52
Q

Over-justification theory is an extension of what other theory?

A

Self-perception theory

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53
Q

What does over-justification theory state?

A

That if you are getting paid you may assume we must not want to do the thing we are getting paid to do.

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54
Q

Self-monitoring posits what?

A

When people are paying attention to their own actions they will change their actions to improve self-regulation.

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55
Q

What is “mainstreaming”?

A

When children with specific challenges are put into classes with children who do not have those challengse.

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56
Q

How does one achieve objective self-awareness?

A

1) high self-monitoring
2) self-perception
3) internality
4) self-efficacy

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57
Q

How does deindividuation affect self-awareness?

A

It impairs self-awareness

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58
Q

Ones identity in relationship to others is (related to socially defined categories) is known as one’s

A

social identity

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59
Q

One’s personal identity includes

A

the beliefs one has about oneself that have no objective definitions

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60
Q

What is the difference between intergroup and intragroup comparisons

A

Are you comparing yourself to people in other social groups (intergroup) or people within your own in-group (intragroup)?

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61
Q

What is self-verification?

A

Trying to get others to agree with our views

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62
Q

What is self-promotion in a social psychology framework?

A

Presenting our best self to others.

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63
Q

It is harder to self-regulate when your resources, coping skills, or energy are gone. This is called…

A

Ego depletion

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64
Q

What are the words used regarding social comparisons towards those we think are better than we are versus worse off than we are?

A

Upward social comparison vs. downward social comparison

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65
Q

when does stereotype threat happen? and what does it cause?

A

when we are at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group we’re considered a part of, and causes us to underperform.

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66
Q

What is the opposite of stereotype threat?

A

Stereotype boost

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67
Q

Another name for the theory of reasoned action is…

A

The theory of planned behavior

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68
Q

Another name for the theory of planned behavior is..

A

The theory of reasoned action

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69
Q

What does the theory of planned behavior say?

A

People’s behavior about a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation and social norms

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70
Q

Who came up with the elaboration likelihood model

A

R. E. Petty and J. T. Cacioppo

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71
Q

What does the elaboration likelihood model and how does it suggest you should persuade people?

A

People listen and commit to the reasons behind an argument only if they care or invested, otherwise they base their decisions on superficial factors.

So, If people are invested in the argument and can understand it persuasion is the right way to go and the likelihood of permanent change is high. If the audience is unable or unwilling to listen to an argument just make them happy and comfortable and hope some sticks.

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72
Q

The elaboration likelihood model suggests that speakers are more likely to change a listener’s attitude if…

A

1) They are trustworthy (and/or and expert)
2) They are similar to the listener
3) They are “acceptable” to the listener
4) They are overheard rather than obviously trying to persuade
5) The content is emotional, shocking, or story-driven (anecodotal)
6) The speaker is part of a two-person debate rather than a one-sided argument

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73
Q

What suggests that persuasive communication from a low credibility source becomes more acceptable after the fact?

A

The sleeper effect

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74
Q

What is the sleeper effect?

A

The fact that information from a low credibility source may become more acceptable after the fact

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75
Q

What theory suggests it will actually be harder to convince people whose beliefs have been challenged before?

A

McGuire’s innoculation theory

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76
Q

Blatant attempts to get people to conform can result in….

A

Reactance

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77
Q

People are more likely to resist conformity if they get

A

Forwarning

78
Q

We tend to like people who have what 4 characteristics?

A

1) Are familiar and close by (Proximity)
2) Physical Attractiveness
3) Similarity
4) Like us back (reciprocity)

79
Q

Do opposites actually attract?

A

No

80
Q

The popular press article “100 questions that will make you fall in love” illustrated which concept of promoting emotional closeness?

A

Reciprocity of disclosure

81
Q

The study that correlated people’s nervousness when crossing a bridge to their likelihood of calling an attractive woman illustrated this principle…

A

The excitation-transfer theory

82
Q

What is the difference between the mere-exposure effect and the repeated exposure effect

A

Having any familiarity with something will increase our positive feelings towards it (mere-exposure) while having repeated exposures to it will further increase our positive feelings (repeated exposure).

83
Q

Who identified the two general kinds of love?

A

Elaine Hatfield

84
Q

What are the two kinds of love that Elaine Hatfield identified?

A

Passionate love (intense longing with profound physiological arousal) and companionate love (affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined).

85
Q

Who came up with the triangular model of love?

A

Sternberg

86
Q

What are the three legs of the triangular model of love?

A

Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment

87
Q

What are the possible combinations from the triangular model of love?

A

Intimacy+Passion=Romantic Love
Intimacy+Commitment=Companionate Love
Passion+Commitment=Fatuous Love
Passion+Commitment+Intimacy=Consumate Love

88
Q

A secure attachment style is characterized by what two factors?

A

High self-esteem and high interpersonal trust

89
Q

An avoidant attachment style is characterized by what two factors?

A

Low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust

90
Q

Define stereotype

A

Preconceived generalized notions people have about particular groups, can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

91
Q

What is the glass cliff?

A

When women are put into positions of power when that position carries a risk of failure.

92
Q

Define tokenism

A

Admitting few members of a previously excluded group to reduce claims of discrimination.

93
Q

Define prejudice

A

negative beliefs and judgements about a group of people based on a social category

94
Q

Define discrimination

A

negative treatment based on prejudicial beliefs

95
Q

What is the formal name for believing that there are only so many slices of pie (and that the pie can’t get bigger)

A

Zero-sum outcomes

96
Q

Who showed that win/lose game type competition can trigger serious conflict in a group?

A

Muzafer Sherif

97
Q

Who did the robber’s cave experiment?

A

Muzafer Sherif

98
Q

What appears to be the most effective way to overcome group conflict?

A

To give them collective attention to a superordinate goal

99
Q

What were the three phases of group dynamics in the robber’s cave experiments?

A
  1. In-group phase (people bonded with their own groups)
  2. Friction phase (groups met and become competitive)
  3. Integration phase (groups work together on a common goal)
100
Q

What is another name for the implicit bias test?

A

Bona fide pipeline

101
Q

What is a physiologic version of the implicit bias test

A

Bogus pipeline

102
Q

What is the basis of prejudice?

A

Ingroup/outgroup bias

103
Q

The mere exposure effect and repeated exposure effect suggest that what helps decrease conflict?

A

Contact

104
Q

Who performed the doll preference studies that were used in Brown vs. Board of Education

A

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

105
Q

What did M. Rokeach find about discrimination?

A

People prefer to be with people who have similar attitudes over people who have similar skin color

106
Q

Define role

A

the set of behavioral norms that seem suitable for a particular person

107
Q

Define social norms

A

what is considered normal behavior for a particular society

108
Q

What is the difference between collectivist versus individualist socities

A

Focus on the common good instead of personal gain.

109
Q

Who studied the interdependent/independent differences between eastern and western countries?

A

Hazel Markus

110
Q

What generalizations did Hazel Markus make about interdependent vs. independent countries?

A

Interdependent: conformity, modesty, pessimism
Independent: optimism, self-enhancement, individuality

111
Q

What does gain-loss theory state?

A

That people act in order to obtain gain and to avoid loss

112
Q

Do people prefer to obtain gain or to avoid loss?

A

People are RISK AVERSE which generally shows they prefer to avoid losses

113
Q

What is the social corollary of gain-loss theory?

A

social exchange theory (humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize costs)

114
Q

What is the technical term for the fact that the constant exchange of influences between people is a constant factor in our behavior?

A

Reciprocal interaction

115
Q

If biking next to others increases your performance this is an example of…

A

Social facilitation

116
Q

Who did research on the impact of the presence of others on simple versus complex tasks?

A

Robert Zajonc

117
Q

Based on the complexity of the task, when does having others present help you and when does it hinder you?

A

Simple tasks - presence of others helps us

Complex tasks - presence of others hinders us

118
Q

When are individuals most likely to conform to a group?

A
  1. there is a majority opinion
  2. the majority is unanimous
  3. the majority has a high status OR the individual is concerned with their own status
  4. the situation is in public
  5. The individual was not previously committed to a previous position
  6. The individual has low self-esteem
  7. The individual scores high on a measure of authoritarianism.
119
Q

Define conformity

A

going along with real or perceived group pressure

120
Q

What are different types of conformity

A

Compliance (go along publicly but not privately) vs. Acceptance (change actions and beliefs to conform)

121
Q

Define dissenter

A

Someone who speaks out against the majority

122
Q

In the Asch studies how often did people conform?

A

33% of the time

123
Q

What is the name of the scientist who did the line conformity studies?

A

Solomon Asch

124
Q

Who did the shocking obedience studies?

A

Stanley Milgram

125
Q

What supported conformity in the Milgram experiment?

A
  1. remoteness of the victim
  2. proximity of the commander
  3. a legitimate seeming commander
  4. conformity of other subjects
126
Q

What % of the Milgram subjects went to the final end of the experiment?

A

66%

127
Q

Who ran the Stanford Prison Experiments?

A

Philip Zimbardo

128
Q

Was the BBC able to replicate the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

No

129
Q

What was Zimbardo’s contribution to the Milgram studies?

A

People were willing to administer higher levels of shock to people wearing hoods

130
Q

Muzafer Sherif found that people’s description of ____ was influenced by other’s descriptions

A

the autokinetic effect

131
Q

An economic corollary to the prisoner’s dilemma is…

A

the trucking company game

132
Q

What is at the heart of why the prisoner’s dilemma and the trucking company game work?

A

A lack of trust

133
Q

Define compliance

A

the ways in wihch a person tries to get another person to do something

134
Q

What are some compliance tactics people use?

A
  1. Door in the face
  2. Foot in the door
  3. Low ball
  4. That’s not all
  5. Deadline
  6. Ingratiation
135
Q

How does the door in the face compliance technique work?

A

Ask for what you know you will not get and then “settle” for less (takes advantage of anchoring)

136
Q

How does the foot-in-the-door compliance technique work?

A

someone willing to perform a small favor now is willing to perform larger favors later

137
Q

How does the low-ball compliance technique work?

A

Someone is offered a lower price at first and the price is raised after they agree

138
Q

How does the that’s not all compliance technique work?

A

Sweetening the deal before a person has had a chance to say yes or no

139
Q

How does ingratiation work to gain compliance?

A

By using flattery

140
Q

The woman whose murder is an infamous example of the bystander effect is…

A

Kitty Genovese

141
Q

What is a way to guard against social loafing?

A

When each individual is closely monitored

142
Q

When you don’t work as hard in a group as you would on your own this is called…

A

Social loafing

143
Q

The bystander effect can be made even worse the more people who are present according to this tendency…

A

the diffusion of responsibility

144
Q

Who found a positive correlation between antisocial behavior and population density?

A

Philip Zimbardo

145
Q

What is the risky shift?

A

The fact that groups will take greater risks that individuals

146
Q

What explains the risky shift?

A

Group polarization (discussions of like minded people strengthen the already dominant point of view)

147
Q

Who studied group polarization?

A

James Stoner

148
Q

Who studied groupthink?

A

Irving Janis

149
Q

Define groupthink

A

conformity in a group results in dysfunctional decision making

150
Q

When is groupthink more likely to occur?

A

1) unquestioned beliefs
2) pressure to conform
3) invulnerability
4) censors
5) internal cohesiveness
6) external isolation
7) strong leader

151
Q

When most people on a college campus believe everyone likes drinking to excess, but privately no one actually agrees with that personally, this is an example of…

A

Pluralistic ignorance (most people in a group privately disagree with something, but incorrectly believe that most people in the group agree with it)

152
Q

When does deindividuation occur?

A

when there is high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility

153
Q

Compare contrast empathy and sympathy

A

Empathy is feeling what another person is feeling, sympathy is feeling bad for another person

154
Q

What hypothesis states that people will help one another simply because they want to help someone in need?

A

The empathy-altruism hypothesis

155
Q

What hypothesis states that people act pro-socially because it makes them feel better about themselves?

A

The negative state relief model

156
Q

The negative state relief model states what?

A

That people act prosocially because it makes them feel better about themselves

157
Q

The empathy-altruism hypothesis states

A

that people want to help another person in need

158
Q

What hypothesis states that people help others because they want to feel good (and prosocial action helps them achieve this)

A

The empathic joy hypothesis

159
Q

The empathic joy hypothesis states what?

A

That people behave prosocially because they want to feel good

160
Q

What hypothesis states that we are more likely to help people from our own family?

A

Kin selection theory

161
Q

Does social exclusion increase or decrease our desire to help others?

A

decrease

162
Q

Who were two scientists who suggested drive theories of aggression?

A

Frued and Konrad Lorenz

163
Q

Why did Konrad Lorenz think there was a drive toward aggression?

A

He thought there was an instinct to make sure the strongest survived to pass on their genes to the next generation.

164
Q

Who proposed the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

Dollard and Miller

165
Q

Who researched the frustration-aggression hypothesis in depth?

A

Leonard Berkowitz

166
Q

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis propose?

A

That frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) leads to the show of aggression.

167
Q

The general aggression model comes from what framework?

A

a social learning framework

168
Q

The general aggression model suggests what about the cause of aggression?

A

That it is multifactorial including both situational and personal factors

169
Q

What would the hostile attributional bias susggest

A

when people perceive hostility in others they are more likely to respond with hostility

170
Q

Define bullying

A

Persistent threatening or abusive behavior directed toward those with less power

171
Q

If you believe you can release your aggression by punching a pillow than you are a proponent of the

A

catharsis hypothesis

172
Q

What does the catharsis hypothesis state?

A

That people can redirect aggressive energy by releasing it in other ways

173
Q

What does equity theory state?

A

That people are most comfortable in situations where the rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical.

174
Q

What are two expected outcomes of equity theory?

A

1) Overbenefitted people tend to feel guilty

2) Random or illogical punishments make people anxious

175
Q

In addition to his power studies Stanley Milgram also studied…

A

stimulus overload theory

176
Q

What does stimulus overload theory explain?

A

Why urbanites are less prosocial (they don’t need or want more social interaction).

177
Q

What are two forms of coping with stress?

A

1) problem focused coping (changing the stressor)

2) emotion-focused coping (changing the response to the stressor)

178
Q

Who proposed two forms of coping with stress?

A

Richard Lazarus

179
Q

What idea combines the impact of social and clinical psychology to address the effects of stress?

A

The social support network

180
Q

Who showed the nursing home residents who care for houseplants have better health and lower mortality rates?

A

J rodin and E langer

181
Q

What is the idea that people are promoted to their level of incompetence?

A

The Peter Principle

182
Q

Who studied the impact of environment (and especially architecture) on behavior?

A

Stuart Valins

183
Q

Are students in long corridors or in suite style dorms more stressed and withdrawn?

A

long corridors = more withdrawn

184
Q

The idea that people pick up on each others socialization cues (even if they are not from the same social group) is referred to as…

A

reciprocal socialization

185
Q

Who was one of the first IO psychologists?

A

Walter Dill Scott

186
Q

What did Walter Dill Scott Study?

A

Personnel testing and selection for the military and applying psychological principles to advertising.

187
Q

What is it called when any new procedure is applied and it is able to increase productivity?

A

The Hawthorne Effect

188
Q

Who discovered the Hawthorne effect?

A

Harry Landsberger

189
Q

What does sociotechnical systems refer to?

A

The method of work design that acknowledges the interaction between people and technology in the workplace.

190
Q

Workplace design that recognizes the interaction between people and technology is referred to as…

A

Sociotechnical systems

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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