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Psychology GRE > Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience (12-14%) > Flashcards

Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience (12-14%) Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of agraphia does damage to damage to Broca or Wernicke’s areas cause?

A

Phonological agraphia due to an inability to sound out words.

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2
Q

When do REM cycles usually occur during sleep?

A

90-110 minutes after sleep starts.

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3
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Non REM:
Stage W, Stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3
Stage R = REM

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4
Q

What are the psychological effects of narcotics?

A

Euphoria, relaxation, and drowsiness

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5
Q

Most hormones are characterized as either:

A

Organizational or Activational

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6
Q

What are some important sexual organizational hormones?

A

H-Y antigen, estrogens and androgens

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7
Q

What are the psychological effects of sedatives?

A

Euphoria, relaxation, and loss of inhibition.

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8
Q

What are the limitations of hyponosis?

A

Subjects cannot be forced against their will or made to behave in a way that violates his or her moral code.

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9
Q

Degeneration of the basal ganglia is associated with…

A

Motor dysfunction in Parkinsons and Huntington’s Diseases

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10
Q

What is the deepest stage of sleep?

A

N3

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11
Q

What are some psychoactive stimulants?

A

Caffeine, metamphetamine, cocaine

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12
Q

Where is the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCM) located?

A

Inside of the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What are two examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

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14
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulate birth, breast feeding, and pair-bonding.

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15
Q

What are some psychoactive narcotics?

A

heroin, oxycodone

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16
Q

Acquired apraxia usually occurs due to damage to what are of the brain?

A

The posterior parietal cortex

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17
Q

What are the two classes of monoamine neurotransmitters?

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

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18
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

The master gland of the endocrine/hormone system

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19
Q

What are some important sexual activational hormones?

A

Estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

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20
Q

Which sleep cycles predominate earlier in the night, which later in the night?

A

N3 earlier in the night, N2 and REM later in the night.

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21
Q

What does agnosia refer to?

A

The inability to process sensory information

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22
Q

Another name for the medulla is…

A

Another name for the myelencephalon is…

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23
Q

What is it called when there is a period of time after which a neuron needs a stronger stimulus before it can fire?

A

relative refractory period

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24
Q

A lack of serotonin is linked to

A

Depression

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25
Q

What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

A

Glutamate

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26
Q

What are some psychoactive sedatives?

A

alcohol, barbituates, xanax

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27
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe?

A

Speech (Broca’s area), reasoning, and problem solving.

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28
Q

What is the a visual agnosia where you cannot recognize faces, even those of close family and friends?

A

Prosopagnosia

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29
Q

What are brain wave changes seen during meditation and may even increase in experienced meditators after meditation?

A

Increase in alpha and beta waves.

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30
Q

What is the function of amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Fast-acting directed synapses

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31
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex?

A

It is the outer half inch of the cerebral hemispheres.

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32
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A trancelike state (distinct from sleep) where individuals are highly suggestible.

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33
Q

Another name for desynchronosis is…

A

Jet Lag

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34
Q

What are the four major classes of psychoactive drugs?

A

1) Hallucinogens
2) Stimulants
3) Sedatives
4) Narcotics

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35
Q

What can influence someone’s experience with a psychoactive substance?

A

Their expectations, previous experiences, and their existing emotional, psychological, and physical states.

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36
Q

How do neuromodulators differ from neurotransmittesr?

A

The result in long-term changes to the post-synaptic cell.

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37
Q

What is the most restorative stage of sleep?

A

N3

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38
Q

What are the myelin producing cells for the central nervous system?

A

Ogliodendrocytes

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39
Q

What is the function of Botox?

A

It is an acetylcholine antagonist

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40
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex

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41
Q

The brain secretes more melatonin when it is (dark/light)

A

dark

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42
Q

What are some possible causes of agraphia?

A

1) problems with language processing
2) inability to spell
3) disruption of motor processing
4) disruption of visualization skills
(Or any combination thereof)

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43
Q

What are the psychological effects of hallucinogens?

A

Psychosis like distortions in perception esp hallucinations (visual and auditory), intensified feelings, and an altered sense of time.

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44
Q

How much of the cerebral cortex is neocortex?

A

90% is neocortex

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45
Q

Is the resting potential of a neuron positive or negatively charged?

A

Negatively charged

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46
Q

Repeated blows to the head can cause

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

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47
Q

Which stage of sleep has the largest arousal threshold?

A

N3

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48
Q

How do Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasias differ?

A

Those with Broca’s aphasia can understand speech but has difficulty speaking (speaks slowly and leaves out words). Those with Wernicke’s aphasia has fluent but non-sensical speech because word-choice is impaired.

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49
Q

What are the general functions of LH and FSH

A

The formation and release of gametes in females (ovum) and males (sperm).

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50
Q

What are some important hormones that are released from the pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin, LH, FSH, prolactin
Growth Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH (adrenocorticotroic hormone) Vasopressin (ADH),

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51
Q

What defines N3 sleep?

A

Predominance of delta waves?

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52
Q

What are the elements of the telencephalon?

A

Limbic system
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus

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53
Q

What is the rebound effect as regarding sleep?

A

If the body does not get enough REM sleep earlier it will compensate for it by getting more REM sleep later.

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54
Q

When does N1 sleep usually occur?

A

When someone is transitioning into sleep

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55
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

It measures oxygen flow in different areas of the brain during certain tasks.

56
Q

What is the oldest part of the brain?

A

The reticular formation

57
Q

How much do infants versus the elderly sleep?

A

16 hours versus 6 hours

58
Q

How many sleep cycles do people complete per night?

A

4 to 6

59
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

1) Alertness
2) Sleep
3) Thirst
4) Involuntary muscles (ie. the heart)

60
Q

The signs of CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) are similar to signs of what other diseases?

A

Alzheimers and Parkinsons

61
Q

Another name for a neuron’s action potential is…

A

Another name for nerve impulse is…

62
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

1) Fleeing
2) Feeding
3) Fighting
4) Fornicating

63
Q

what are the elements of the hindbrain?

A

1) Myelencephanlon
2) Metencephalon
3) Base of the reticular formation

64
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

It scans for glucose metabolism to measure activity in various brain regions during certain tasks.

65
Q

What is the function of the tectum?

A

Controls vision and hearing

66
Q

REM sleep takes up what overall % of sleep?

A

20-25% of sleep

67
Q

What is contained in the metencephalon?

A

Pons and Cerebellum

68
Q

An excitatory postsynaptic potential makes the neuron more (+ or -) while an inhibitory post synaptic potential makes the neuron more (+ or -)

A

Excitatory makes it more positive, and an inhibitory potential makes it more negative.

69
Q

About what % of sleep is REM sleep in babies?

A

Almost 50%

70
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing and speech (Wernicke’s area)

71
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

Linked to feelings of seeking and reward.

72
Q

What are some exogenous endorphins?

A

Opioids like heroin and morphine

73
Q

What are the three primary portions of the brain?

A

1) Hindbrain
2) Midbrain
3) Forebrain

74
Q

What is it called when there is a period of time after which a neuron cannot fire?

A

absolute refractory period

75
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Controls emotional reactions like fear and anger

76
Q

Agnosia usually occurs to damage in which parts of he brain?

A

occipital or parietal lobes

77
Q

Depolarization makes the neuron more (+ or -) while hyperpolarization makes the neuron more (+ or -)

A

Depolarization makes the neuron more positive, and hyperpolarization makes it more negative.

78
Q

What defines REM sleep?

A

Small, irregular brain waves, the body acts as if it is awake (even though it is not), the body is paralyzed, dreams and nightmares occur.

79
Q

What is the word for the first onset of menstruation?

A

Menarche

80
Q

What is it called when electrodes are implanted into an animal’s brain to measure activity in certain areas?

A

Stereotaxic instrumentation

81
Q

What does acquired apraxia refer to?

A

The inability to plan and coordinate specific learned, purposeful motor movements on command due to a brain injury.

82
Q

How many layers are there in the neocortex?

A

6 layers

83
Q

What does alexia refer to?

A

The loss of capacity to read

84
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

Connections between the brain and spine

85
Q

Meditation has been successfully used to treat …

A

Pain, stress, anxiety disorders.

86
Q

Which neurotransmitters can be linked to addiction?

A

Endorphins and dopamine

87
Q

What is another name for REM sleep

A

What is another name for paradoxical sleep?

88
Q

which direction do afferent versus efferent fibers of the peripheral nervous system run?

A

Afferent towards

Efferent away

89
Q

The bumps on the surface of the brain area called ____ the grooves are called ____

A

gyri, sulci

90
Q

How long does N1 sleep usually last?

A

About 1-7 minutes

91
Q

Alexia is often associated with damage to what part of the brain?

A

The left angular gyrus

92
Q

Another name for Jet Lag is…

A

desynchronosis

93
Q

What does agraphia refer to?

A

The loss of the ability to write

94
Q

What are the portions of the midbrain?

A

1) Tectum

2) Tegmentum

95
Q

When the brain is producing mostly alpha waves during sleep, what do the eyes generally look like?

A

The eyes are usually closed (not opening and closing)

96
Q

Does agnosia usually impact one or multiple senses at a time?

A

One

97
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

What is the brainstem structure that controls visual reflexes?

98
Q

What are the portions of the forebrain?

A 
Corticospinal Tract
Diencephalon (Thalamus and Hypothalamus)
Telencephlon (the rest of the forebrain)
Pituitary Gland
Cerebral Cortex
99
Q

What is an example of a catecholamine monoamine?

A

Dopamine

100
Q

Most psychologic and recreational drugs work using what mechanism?

A

Altering the function of neurotransmitters

101
Q

What defines N1 sleep?

A

A proliferation of theta waves

102
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

103
Q

What are key named areas of the brain is focused on speech?

A

Broca’s area (Frontal Lobe) and Wernicke’s area (Temporal Lobe)

104
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

105
Q

What is meditation?

A

Techniques that usually involve the training of attention and awareness, either by increasing or broadening focus.

106
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex of the parietal lobe

A

The somatosensory system

107
Q

What does the size of a cortical association area correspond to?

A

sensitivity and accessibility of those functions

108
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

1) Muscle coordination
2) Balance
3) Posture

109
Q

What is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

110
Q

What is a formal meditation based pain treatment?

A

MBSR (Mindfulness-based stress reduction).

111
Q

What are the myelin producing cells for the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

112
Q

What is the frequency of various wave forms during sleep?

A

Delta waves < 4Hz
Theta waves 4-7 Hz
Alpha waves 7-14 Hz
Beta waves 15-30 Hz

113
Q

What is an example of an indolamine monoamine neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

114
Q

How fast a nerve conducts impulses is related to how ___ its axon is.

A

Wide

115
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

What is the brainstem structure that controls auditory reflexes?

116
Q

Can everyone be hyponotized?

A

No, and some people are more susceptible to hypnosis than others.

117
Q

What are the psychological effects of stimulants?

A

Euphoria, increased energy, alertness, heightened sense of pleasure.

118
Q

What are potential causes of alexia?

A

1) inability to comprehend written words

2) Inability to read aloud

119
Q

What does saltatory conduction refer to?

A

The conduction of nerve impulses along nodes of ranvier

120
Q

During what stage of sleep is growth hormone secreted?

A

N3

121
Q

A lack of dopamine is linked to… too much dopamine is linked to…

A

Parkinsons (too little) Schizophrenia (too much)

122
Q

What is the function of the myelencephalon?

A

1) Reflexes
2) Sleep
3) Attention
4) Movement

123
Q

What is the function of endorphins?

A

They are involved in pleasure and pain control. As a result, exogenous endorphins are highly addictive.

124
Q

What are the gaps between schwann cells along the axons called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

125
Q

What defines W stage sleep?

A

> 50% alpha waves

126
Q

What is the overall function of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? (SSRIs)

A

They function as serotonin agonists by decreasing the reuptake of serotonin.

127
Q

How is hypnosis achieved?

A

By encouraging sleepiness and focuses on the sensations that the subject is experiencing during progressive relaxation. Post-hypnotic suggestions are given instructing individuals to act in a specific way after recovery from the post-hypnotic state.

128
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after they have influenced another neuron?

A

They are either deactivated by enzymes or they experience re-uptake.

129
Q

What does the “W” stage of sleep stand for?

A

“Wake”

130
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum

A

1) Houses the remainder of the reticular formation
2) Involved in the sensiormotor system
3) Involved in the analgesic effect of opioids.

131
Q

What is the function of acetycholine?

A

It is an important neurotransmitter for stimulating skeletal muscle, it is also involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.

132
Q

What is the function fo the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the autonomic biological motivations (hunger, thirst) and controls the pituitary gland.

133
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Helps transfer short term memory into long term memory. Also, new neurons can form here.

134
Q

Aphasia refers to…

A

The loss of ability to speak or understand language in spoken or written form

135
Q

What are some hallucinogens?

A

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) and mescaline

136
Q

What does the “all-or-none law” refer to?

A

The fact that nerve impulses are all are none, and always of the same strength, strength of a message is changed by frequency of impulses not by the intensity of the impulse.

137
Q

What defines N2 sleep?

A

theta waves, as well as alternations between sleep spindles and K complexes. Heart rate and respiration slow and body temperature begins to drop.

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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