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Psych AP > Thinking > Flashcards

Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information

A

Cognition

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2
Q

Metacognition is

A

Thinking about thinking

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3
Q

Another phrase for metacognition is

A

Self reflecting

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4
Q

Cognitive psychology is the study of what four topics

A

Concept formation, problem solving, decision making, judgement formation

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5
Q

The study of logical and illogical thinking

A

Cognition

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6
Q

Thinking concept is

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people

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7
Q

Can be defined by having a set of characteristics that all members have and no nonmembers have

A

Artificial concepts

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8
Q

What are the two characteristics of natural concepts

A

Basic and prototypical

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9
Q

A generalization based of experiences in the real world

A

Schemas

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10
Q

Simple concepts have

A

A common feature

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11
Q

Conjunctive and disjunctive concepts are

A

Complex concepts

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12
Q

Simultaneous presence of two or more common characteristics

A

Conjunctive concepts

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13
Q

Presence of one common characteristic or another or both

A

Disjunctive concepts

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14
Q

In order from most to least, what are the levels of natural concept inclusiveness

A

Superordinate, basic, subordinate

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15
Q

Comparing a feathered creature to a robin bird is an example of what

A

Prototype

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16
Q

What are the three classes of problems

A

Inducing structure, transformation, arrangement

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17
Q

Discover relations among numbers, words, symbols, or ideas

A

Inducing structure

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18
Q

Carry out a sequence of transformations

A

Transformation

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19
Q

Arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criteria

A

Arrangement

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20
Q

Formulating a problem

A

Clearly defining it

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21
Q

Problem solving is

A

Cognitive process in which formation is used to reach a goal blocked by an obstacle

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22
Q

Mental sets are

A

Habitual ways of thinking

23
Q

Guaranteed step by step method of problem solving

A

Algorithm

24
Q

Heuristic

A

Making judgements to solve a problem

25
Q

Which is more prone to errors, algorithm or heuristic

A

Heuristic

26
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of the solution

27
Q

Problem space

A

The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver

28
Q

Trying possible solutions and disregarding the errors until one fits

A

Trial and error

29
Q

What is the difference between available heuristic and representative heuristic

A

Estimating the probability of events based off memory vs judging the likelihood of something based off prototypes

30
Q

Recognition heuristic

A

Assuming the recognized alternative is better than the not recognized alternative

31
Q

Risky decision making

A

Make a choice under conditions of uncertainty

32
Q

Breaking the problem into subgoals

A

Subgoal

33
Q

Starting at the end and working backwards

A

Working backwards

34
Q

Examples of changing the representation of the problem

A

A list, graph, or picture

35
Q

Hill climbing

A

Problems with an indirect pathway

36
Q

Taking a break can lead to

A

Insight

37
Q

Incubation effect

A

When a solution comes up after not thinking about it for a period of time

38
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct

A

Overconfident

39
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed

40
Q

The tendency to search for information that confirms one’s precognition

A

Confirmation bias

41
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

42
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past

43
Q

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

A

Functional fixedness

44
Q

Sunk Cost Fallacy

A

Phenomenon where a person won’t abandon a strategy because they’ve heavily invested in it even if it’s clearly the best option

45
Q

What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking

A

Logical vs loosely organized

46
Q

The ability to act or think in novel ways that are valued by others

A

Creativity

47
Q

True or False: IQ and creativity have a strong correlation

A

False

48
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reaches a generalized conclusion based off specific scenarios

49
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

A logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions

50
Q

The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

A

Belief bias

51
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial concepts after their bias as discreated

52
Q

People tend to do simple strategies that typically end in irrational solutions

A

Theory of bounded rationality

53
Q

Addictive strategies

A

List the attributes

54
Q

Elimination strategies

A

Gradually eliminate less attractive alternatives

Psych AP (16 decks)

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