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Psych AP > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Define perception

A

A mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns

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2
Q

Is perception a perfect reflection of reality?

A

No

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3
Q

The ability to translate sound into visual interpretations

A

Synesthesia

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4
Q

What is the binding problem

A

We do not know how the brain combines detection cells into a single percept

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5
Q

The tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input

A

Perceptual constancy

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6
Q

Depth cues and principles of visual organization allow us to

A

Make assumptions about the world

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7
Q

Visual constancies allow us to make

A

Speedy processing

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8
Q

Define visual illusions

A

An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality

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9
Q

What does speedy processing paired with visual illusions do

A

It leads to an inappropriate assumption; we disregard the stimulus

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10
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

Interpreting the two arrows as not being the same size because of the points being inverted

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11
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer Illusion theory

A

We unconsciously interpret the lines as being 3D. We see the ends of the angles that point towards/away from us. Thus, we judge the outside corner to be closer and shorter

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12
Q

What is the Ponzo Illusion

A

The yellow lines on the train track appear to be different sizes, however, they are in actuality the same size

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13
Q

What is the Zollner Illusion

A

The “miscellaneous” diagonal lines are a parallel

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14
Q

What is the argument that Gestalt Psychologists make

A

The brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its parts

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15
Q

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

A

Visual Capture

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16
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

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16
Q

Contrast bottom up processing and top down processing

A

Bottom up emphasizes the characteristics of something whereas top down processing emphasizes the expectations of something

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17
Q

What are the two characteristics of Gestalt Psychology

A

Figure and ground

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18
Q

The part of the pattern that commands attention (stands out)

A

Figure

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19
Q

The part of the pattern that does not command attention (background)

A

Ground

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20
Q

What are the six Gestalt grouping principles

A

Simplicity, continuity, similarity, proximity, connectedness, closure

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21
Q

Another name for the grouping principle: simplicity

A

Law of Pragnanz

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22
Q

People tend to group elements that combine to form a simplest figure

A

Simplicity

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23
Q

Define the principle of continuity

A

Perceiving continuous patterns

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24
Grouping figures that are similar
Similarity
25
Define the principle of proximity
Grouping nearby figures together
26
Define the principle of connectedness
Spots, lines, and areas that are seen as unit when connected
27
Define the principle of closure
Tending to supply missing elements to complete or close a familiar figure
28
The perception of contours where none actually exist
Subjective contours
29
Subjective contours have ties to what processing
Top down
30
Stimuli that lie in the distance
Distal stimuli
31
Stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors
Proximal stimuli
32
An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed
Perceptual hypothesis
33
Define perceptual set
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
34
___ is an enormously useful cue to identify ambiguous stimuli
Context
35
Define depth perception
The ability to see objects in 3D
36
Depth perception allows us to
Judge distance
37
Binocular cues include
Retinal disparity and convergence
38
The closer the object the larger the display
Retinal disparity
39
Two eyes move inward for near objects
Convergence
40
Monocular cues include
Relative (size, clarity, height, motion, brightness) interposition, texture, and linear perspective
41
Smaller image is more distant
Relative size
42
Closer object blocks distant object
Interposition
43
Hazy object is seen more distant
Relative clarity
44
Coarse = close; fine = distant
Texture
45
Higher objects seen as more distant
Relative height
46
Close objects seem to move faster
Relative motion
47
Parallel lines converge with distance
Linear perspective
48
Closer objects appear brighter
Relative brightness
49
What is the Ames Room
A physically warped room that visually look correct, it creates misinterpretations of distance
50
Define stroboscopic movement
Perceived movement by the presentation of a rapid series of slightly varying images
51
What is the Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession
52
What is the significance of Max Wertheimer
He was the first to describe the Phi Phenomenon
53
The sensory restriction experiment was conducted by ___ in ____
Blakemore and Cooper in 1970
54
What does REST stand for
Restricted Environment Stimulation Theory
55
Restricting ______ helps people modify their behavior
Sensory input
56
REST was conducted by ____ in ____
Peter Suedelf in 1980
57
Perceptual Adaptation was created by ____ in ____
George Stratton in 1896
58
What guides perceptual sets
Schemas
59
Our schemas for faces prime us to see
Facial patterns
60
High levels of ___ impair accuracy
Stress
61
What is weapon focus
The presence of weapons impairs eyewitness accuracy
62
What is exposure time
The less time the eyewitness has to observe and event, the less they'll be perceive and remember it
63
What is accuracy-confidence
Confidence is not a good predictor of accuracy
64
What is cross-racial perceptions
Eyewitnesses are better at identifying member of their own race
65
What is post event information
Testimony reflects what was seen AND information obtained later on
66
What is color perception
Judgment of color are made under monochromatic light are very unreliable
67
What is unconscious transference
A culprit who is identified may have been seen in another situation or context
68
Does alcohol intoxication impair ability to recall events
Yes
69
Do attitudes and expectations impair perception and ability to recall events
Yes
70
What are the three factors in extrasensory perception
Telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
71
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
Extrasensory perception
72
The study of paranormal phenomena
Parapsychology
73
What are the two factors in parapsychology
ESP and psychokinesis
74
What is one way to describe parapsychology
Events that seem to defy accepted scientific laws
75
Define clairvoyance
Purported ability to perceive events unaffected by distance or physical barriers
76
Define telepathy
Purported ability to read minds
77
Define precognition
Purported ability to accurately predict the future
78
Define psychokinesis
Purported ability to influence objects by willpower
79
What is the conclusion of ESP
It has not been scientifically demonstrated. Positive results are usually inconclusive and easily criticized

Psych AP (16 decks)

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