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Psych AP > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Define perception

A

A mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns

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2
Q

Is perception a perfect reflection of reality?

A

No

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3
Q

The ability to translate sound into visual interpretations

A

Synesthesia

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4
Q

What is the binding problem

A

We do not know how the brain combines detection cells into a single percept

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5
Q

The tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input

A

Perceptual constancy

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6
Q

Depth cues and principles of visual organization allow us to

A

Make assumptions about the world

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7
Q

Visual constancies allow us to make

A

Speedy processing

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8
Q

Define visual illusions

A

An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality

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9
Q

What does speedy processing paired with visual illusions do

A

It leads to an inappropriate assumption; we disregard the stimulus

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10
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

Interpreting the two arrows as not being the same size because of the points being inverted

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11
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer Illusion theory

A

We unconsciously interpret the lines as being 3D. We see the ends of the angles that point towards/away from us. Thus, we judge the outside corner to be closer and shorter

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12
Q

What is the Ponzo Illusion

A

The yellow lines on the train track appear to be different sizes, however, they are in actuality the same size

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13
Q

What is the Zollner Illusion

A

The “miscellaneous” diagonal lines are a parallel

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14
Q

What is the argument that Gestalt Psychologists make

A

The brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its parts

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15
Q

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

A

Visual Capture

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16
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

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16
Q

Contrast bottom up processing and top down processing

A

Bottom up emphasizes the characteristics of something whereas top down processing emphasizes the expectations of something

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17
Q

What are the two characteristics of Gestalt Psychology

A

Figure and ground

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18
Q

The part of the pattern that commands attention (stands out)

A

Figure

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19
Q

The part of the pattern that does not command attention (background)

A

Ground

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20
Q

What are the six Gestalt grouping principles

A

Simplicity, continuity, similarity, proximity, connectedness, closure

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21
Q

Another name for the grouping principle: simplicity

A

Law of Pragnanz

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22
Q

People tend to group elements that combine to form a simplest figure

A

Simplicity

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23
Q

Define the principle of continuity

A

Perceiving continuous patterns

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24
Q

Grouping figures that are similar

A

Similarity

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25
Q

Define the principle of proximity

A

Grouping nearby figures together

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26
Q

Define the principle of connectedness

A

Spots, lines, and areas that are seen as unit when connected

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27
Q

Define the principle of closure

A

Tending to supply missing elements to complete or close a familiar figure

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28
Q

The perception of contours where none actually exist

A

Subjective contours

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29
Q

Subjective contours have ties to what processing

A

Top down

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30
Q

Stimuli that lie in the distance

A

Distal stimuli

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31
Q

Stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors

A

Proximal stimuli

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32
Q

An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed

A

Perceptual hypothesis

33
Q

Define perceptual set

A

A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

34
Q

___ is an enormously useful cue to identify ambiguous stimuli

A

Context

35
Q

Define depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in 3D

36
Q

Depth perception allows us to

A

Judge distance

37
Q

Binocular cues include

A

Retinal disparity and convergence

38
Q

The closer the object the larger the display

A

Retinal disparity

39
Q

Two eyes move inward for near objects

A

Convergence

40
Q

Monocular cues include

A

Relative (size, clarity, height, motion, brightness) interposition, texture, and linear perspective

41
Q

Smaller image is more distant

A

Relative size

42
Q

Closer object blocks distant object

A

Interposition

43
Q

Hazy object is seen more distant

A

Relative clarity

44
Q

Coarse = close; fine = distant

A

Texture

45
Q

Higher objects seen as more distant

A

Relative height

46
Q

Close objects seem to move faster

A

Relative motion

47
Q

Parallel lines converge with distance

A

Linear perspective

48
Q

Closer objects appear brighter

A

Relative brightness

49
Q

What is the Ames Room

A

A physically warped room that visually look correct, it creates misinterpretations of distance

50
Q

Define stroboscopic movement

A

Perceived movement by the presentation of a rapid series of slightly varying images

51
Q

What is the Phi Phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession

52
Q

What is the significance of Max Wertheimer

A

He was the first to describe the Phi Phenomenon

53
Q

The sensory restriction experiment was conducted by ___ in ____

A

Blakemore and Cooper in 1970

54
Q

What does REST stand for

A

Restricted Environment Stimulation Theory

55
Q

Restricting ______ helps people modify their behavior

A

Sensory input

56
Q

REST was conducted by ____ in ____

A

Peter Suedelf in 1980

57
Q

Perceptual Adaptation was created by ____ in ____

A

George Stratton in 1896

58
Q

What guides perceptual sets

A

Schemas

59
Q

Our schemas for faces prime us to see

A

Facial patterns

60
Q

High levels of ___ impair accuracy

A

Stress

61
Q

What is weapon focus

A

The presence of weapons impairs eyewitness accuracy

62
Q

What is exposure time

A

The less time the eyewitness has to observe and event, the less they’ll be perceive and remember it

63
Q

What is accuracy-confidence

A

Confidence is not a good predictor of accuracy

64
Q

What is cross-racial perceptions

A

Eyewitnesses are better at identifying member of their own race

65
Q

What is post event information

A

Testimony reflects what was seen AND information obtained later on

66
Q

What is color perception

A

Judgment of color are made under monochromatic light are very unreliable

67
Q

What is unconscious transference

A

A culprit who is identified may have been seen in another situation or context

68
Q

Does alcohol intoxication impair ability to recall events

A

Yes

69
Q

Do attitudes and expectations impair perception and ability to recall events

A

Yes

70
Q

What are the three factors in extrasensory perception

A

Telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

71
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

A

Extrasensory perception

72
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena

A

Parapsychology

73
Q

What are the two factors in parapsychology

A

ESP and psychokinesis

74
Q

What is one way to describe parapsychology

A

Events that seem to defy accepted scientific laws

75
Q

Define clairvoyance

A

Purported ability to perceive events unaffected by distance or physical barriers

76
Q

Define telepathy

A

Purported ability to read minds

77
Q

Define precognition

A

Purported ability to accurately predict the future

78
Q

Define psychokinesis

A

Purported ability to influence objects by willpower

79
Q

What is the conclusion of ESP

A

It has not been scientifically demonstrated. Positive results are usually inconclusive and easily criticized

Psych AP (16 decks)

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