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Psych AP > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define transduction

A

The conversion of one form of energy to another

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2
Q

What is phototransduction

A

The conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand

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3
Q

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

The dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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5
Q

The amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude

A

Intensity

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6
Q

Intensity determines

A

Brightness and loudness

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7
Q

Short wavelengths create what color

A

Blue ish colors

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8
Q

Short wavelengths create what frequency

A

High

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9
Q

High frequency equals what pitch

A

High pitch

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10
Q

Long wavelengths create what frequency

A

Low

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10
Q

Long wavelengths create what color

A

Red ish colors

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11
Q

Low frequency equals what pitch

A

Low pitch

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12
Q

What’s the threshold to create the color red

A

750nm

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13
Q

What’s the threshold to create the color violet

A

400nm

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14
Q

Which intensity creates bright colors

A

Great amplitude

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15
Q

Which intensity creates loud sounds

A

Great amplitude

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16
Q

Which intensity creates dull colors

A

Small amplitude

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17
Q

Which intensity creates soft sounds

A

Small amplitude

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18
Q

List the order of the parts of the eye starting with the outside working your way to the inside

A

Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve

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19
Q

Describe the cornea

A

Transparent tissue where light enters the eye

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20
Q

Where does light enter the eye

A

Cornea

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21
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye

A

Pupil

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22
Q

A ring of muscle that forms the color of the eye

A

Iris

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23
Q

The portion around the pupil

A

Iris

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24
Q

True or False: the Iris controls the size of the pupil opening

A

True

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25
Q

What does the lens do

A

A transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

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26
Q

What is the point of central focus

A

Fovea

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27
Q

True or False: the optic nerve is connected to the visual cortex

A

True

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28
Q

Define acuity

A

The sharpness of vision

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29
Q

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

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30
Q

What is the condition where the point falls in front of the retina

A

Nearsightedness

31
Q

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects

A

Nearsightedness

32
Q

What is the condition where the point falls beyond the eye

A

Farsightedness

33
Q

A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects

A

Farsightedness

34
Q

Define the retina

A

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual images

35
Q

What is the first step of the retina

A

Light entering the eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina

36
Q

What is the second step of the retina

A

Chemical reaction in turn activates bipolar cells

37
Q

What is the third step of the retina

A

Bipolar cells then activate the ganglion cells, the axons of the converge to form the optic nerve. This nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brain’s occipital lobe

38
Q

The central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

Fovea

39
Q

Where is vision at its sharpest

A

The fovea

40
Q

What is near the center of the retina

A

Fovea and cones

41
Q

Compare and contrast the color abilities of cones and rods

A

Cones are for color and fine details. Rods are for black, white, and gray scale

42
Q

Compare and contrast the lighting abilities of cones and rods

A

Cones are for daylight and well lit conditions. Rods are for twilight and low light

43
Q

Where are rods located

A

Peripheral retina

44
Q

How many cones are in the eye

A

6 million

45
Q

How many rods are in the eye

A

120 million

46
Q

Dark vs light adaptation

A

Dark adaptation is when the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination. Light adaptation is when the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

47
Q

True or False: declining absolute thresholds over time indicate that you require less and less light to see

A

True

48
Q

Which adapts quicker, cones or rods

A

Cones

49
Q

Lateral Antagonism is when

A

Neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells

50
Q

Are the blind spot and optic disk the same thing

A

Yes

51
Q

What creates a blindspot

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there

52
Q

Where do optic nerves travel to

A

Optic Chiasm

53
Q

What is the optic chiasm

A

The point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain

54
Q

What message gets sent to the thalamus

A

The optic chiasm

55
Q

What is located in the thalamus

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

56
Q

Which channel processes information regarding brightness

A

The magnocellular channel

57
Q

Which channel processes color

A

The parvocellular channel

58
Q

Where does information travel to after the thalamus in order

A

Visual cortex and the superior colliculus

59
Q

What does parallel processing include

A

Color, depth, form, and movement

60
Q

What are the two prominent pathways

A

Ventral and Dorsal

61
Q

Which pathway is for WHAT

A

Ventral

62
Q

Which pathway is for WHERE

A

Dorsal

63
Q

Which pathway is in the temporal lobe

A

Ventral

64
Q

Which pathway is in the parietal lobe

A

Dorsal

65
Q

Damage to what leads to the inability to recognize objects

A

Visual Agnosia

66
Q

Damage to what leads to the inability to recognize familiar faces

A

Prosopagnosia

67
Q

Sensory =

A

Bottom up processing

68
Q

Cognitive =

A

Top down processing

69
Q

Which color is a short wave

A

Blue

70
Q

Which color is a medium wave

A

Green

71
Q

Which color is a long wave

A

Red

72
Q

Who first proposed the trichromatic color theory

A

Thomas Young

73
Q

Who refined the trichromatic color theory

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

74
Q

True or False: color blindness is more common in women

A

False

75
Q

What is the issue with the trichromatic color theory

A

It cannot be applied to after images

Psych AP (16 decks)

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