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Psych AP > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Define transduction

A

The conversion of one form of energy to another

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2
Q

What is phototransduction

A

The conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand

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3
Q

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

The dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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5
Q

The amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude

A

Intensity

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6
Q

Intensity determines

A

Brightness and loudness

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7
Q

Short wavelengths create what color

A

Blue ish colors

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8
Q

Short wavelengths create what frequency

A

High

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9
Q

High frequency equals what pitch

A

High pitch

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10
Q

Long wavelengths create what frequency

A

Low

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10
Q

Long wavelengths create what color

A

Red ish colors

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11
Q

Low frequency equals what pitch

A

Low pitch

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12
Q

What’s the threshold to create the color red

A

750nm

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13
Q

What’s the threshold to create the color violet

A

400nm

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14
Q

Which intensity creates bright colors

A

Great amplitude

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15
Q

Which intensity creates loud sounds

A

Great amplitude

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16
Q

Which intensity creates dull colors

A

Small amplitude

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17
Q

Which intensity creates soft sounds

A

Small amplitude

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18
Q

List the order of the parts of the eye starting with the outside working your way to the inside

A

Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve

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19
Q

Describe the cornea

A

Transparent tissue where light enters the eye

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20
Q

Where does light enter the eye

A

Cornea

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21
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye

A

Pupil

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22
Q

A ring of muscle that forms the color of the eye

A

Iris

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23
Q

The portion around the pupil

A

Iris

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24
True or False: the Iris controls the size of the pupil opening
True
25
What does the lens do
A transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
26
What is the point of central focus
Fovea
27
True or False: the optic nerve is connected to the visual cortex
True
28
Define acuity
The sharpness of vision
29
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
Accommodation
30
What is the condition where the point falls in front of the retina
Nearsightedness
31
A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects
Nearsightedness
32
What is the condition where the point falls beyond the eye
Farsightedness
33
A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects
Farsightedness
34
Define the retina
The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual images
35
What is the first step of the retina
Light entering the eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina
36
What is the second step of the retina
Chemical reaction in turn activates bipolar cells
37
What is the third step of the retina
Bipolar cells then activate the ganglion cells, the axons of the converge to form the optic nerve. This nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brain's occipital lobe
38
The central point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster
Fovea
39
Where is vision at its sharpest
The fovea
40
What is near the center of the retina
Fovea and cones
41
Compare and contrast the color abilities of cones and rods
Cones are for color and fine details. Rods are for black, white, and gray scale
42
Compare and contrast the lighting abilities of cones and rods
Cones are for daylight and well lit conditions. Rods are for twilight and low light
43
Where are rods located
Peripheral retina
44
How many cones are in the eye
6 million
45
How many rods are in the eye
120 million
46
Dark vs light adaptation
Dark adaptation is when the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination. Light adaptation is when the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination
47
True or False: declining absolute thresholds over time indicate that you require less and less light to see
True
48
Which adapts quicker, cones or rods
Cones
49
Lateral Antagonism is when
Neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells
50
Are the blind spot and optic disk the same thing
Yes
51
What creates a blindspot
The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there
52
Where do optic nerves travel to
Optic Chiasm
53
What is the optic chiasm
The point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain
54
What message gets sent to the thalamus
The optic chiasm
55
What is located in the thalamus
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
56
Which channel processes information regarding brightness
The magnocellular channel
57
Which channel processes color
The parvocellular channel
58
Where does information travel to after the thalamus in order
Visual cortex and the superior colliculus
59
What does parallel processing include
Color, depth, form, and movement
60
What are the two prominent pathways
Ventral and Dorsal
61
Which pathway is for WHAT
Ventral
62
Which pathway is for WHERE
Dorsal
63
Which pathway is in the temporal lobe
Ventral
64
Which pathway is in the parietal lobe
Dorsal
65
Damage to what leads to the inability to recognize objects
Visual Agnosia
66
Damage to what leads to the inability to recognize familiar faces
Prosopagnosia
67
Sensory =
Bottom up processing
68
Cognitive =
Top down processing
69
Which color is a short wave
Blue
70
Which color is a medium wave
Green
71
Which color is a long wave
Red
72
Who first proposed the trichromatic color theory
Thomas Young
73
Who refined the trichromatic color theory
Hermann von Helmholtz
74
True or False: color blindness is more common in women
False
75
What is the issue with the trichromatic color theory
It cannot be applied to after images

Psych AP (16 decks)

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