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Psych AP > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory

A

An active system that stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information

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2
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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3
Q

What is getting information in

A

Encoding

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4
Q

What is encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system

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5
Q

What is retaining or keeping information

A

Storage

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6
Q

What is storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time

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7
Q

What is getting the information back out

A

Retrieval

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8
Q

What is retrieval

A

The process of getting information back out of memory

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9
Q

True or False: strands of memory can be broken and replaced

A

True

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10
Q

Define flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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11
Q

Memories created through personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events

A

Flashbulb memories

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12
Q

Are flashbulb memories always accurate

A

No

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13
Q

Memories with great confidence placed in them

A

Flashbulb memories

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14
Q

Define sensory memory

A

The immediate, initial recording of sensory information into the memory system

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15
Q

Define working memory

A

Focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

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16
Q

Define short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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17
Q

Define long term memory

A

A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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18
Q

In order, list Atkinson-Shiffrin’s processing model

A

External event, sensory input, sensory memory, encoding, short term memory, encoding, long term memory

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19
Q

When short term goes to long term it has to ___

A

Encode

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20
Q

When long term goes to short term it has to ___

A

Retrieve

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21
Q

What are the two ways of encoding

A

Effortful and automatic

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22
Q

Define attention

A

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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23
Q

Encoding usually requires what

A

Attention

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24
Q

What is the role of attention

A

Acts like a filter that screens out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to pass through into unconscious memory

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25
Q

How many attention-consuming tasks can the brain handle at one time

A

One

26
Q

Automatic processing includes

A

Unconscious and implicit

27
Q

What is unconscious memory

A

Coding of incidental information and of well learned information

28
Q

What is an implicit memory

A

A memory not known to exist

29
Q

Can we learn automatic processing

A

Yes

30
Q

What is the Stroop Effect

A

The automation of reading, where the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word

31
Q

Define effortful encoding

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

32
Q

What are the two parts of effortful encoding

A

Explicit memory and rehearsal

33
Q

What are explicit memories

A

Past experiences that are unconsciously brought to mind

34
Q

What is rehearsal

A

The conscious repetition of information

35
Q

Why do we rehears memories

A

To encode it for storage

36
Q

When and who studied memory by using nonsense syllables, sandwiching a vowel between two constants

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850-1909

37
Q

True or False: the amount of remembrance depends on the time spent learning

A

True

38
Q

What is overlearning

A

Rehearsal of information beyond the point where it has been learned

39
Q

Overlearning increases __

A

Retention

40
Q

What is the next in line effect

A

When we are next in line we focus on our own performance and forget the preformance(s) before us

41
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

The tendency to best remember the first and last items in the list

42
Q

The ability to recall items at the beginning of the list

A

Primary effect

43
Q

The ability to recall items near the end of the list

A

Recency effect

44
Q

Another word for visual encoding

A

Structural encoding

45
Q

Relatively shallow processing

A

Visual encoding

46
Q

Encoding the image or structure of the physical stimulus

A

Visual encoding

47
Q

Another word for acoustic encoding

A

Phonemic encoding

48
Q

The encoding of sound

A

Acoustic encoding

49
Q

Simply, what is semantic encoding

A

Deeper processing

50
Q

The encoding of meaning

A

Semantic encoding

51
Q

What is the self relevance effect

A

Enhancing semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant

52
Q

The deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

A

Levels of processing theory

53
Q

What are the two parts of enriching encoding

A

Elaboration and dual-coding theory

54
Q

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

A

Elaboration

55
Q

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual coded since either can lead or recall

A

Dual-coding theory

56
Q

Imagery is

A

Mental images

57
Q

What is rosy retrospection

A

The tendency to remember events more favorably than when they first occured

58
Q

Mnemonic devices are

A

Memory aids

59
Q

Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories

A

Hierarchies

60
Q

What is the method of Loci

A

Associating items with imaginary places

Psych AP (16 decks)

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