Memory

Question 1

What is memory

Answer 1

An active system that stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information

Question 2

What are the three stages of memory

Answer 2

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 3

What is getting information in

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

What is encoding

Answer 4

The processing of information into the memory system

Question 5

What is retaining or keeping information

Answer 5

Storage

Question 6

What is storage

Answer 6

The retention of encoded information over time

Question 7

What is getting the information back out

Answer 7

Retrieval

Question 8

What is retrieval

Answer 8

The process of getting information back out of memory

Question 9

True or False: strands of memory can be broken and replaced

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Define flashbulb memory

Answer 10

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 11

Memories created through personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events

Answer 11

Flashbulb memories

Question 12

Are flashbulb memories always accurate

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Memories with great confidence placed in them

Answer 13

Flashbulb memories

Question 14

Define sensory memory

Answer 14

The immediate, initial recording of sensory information into the memory system

Question 15

Define working memory

Answer 15

Focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

Question 16

Define short term memory

Answer 16

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Question 17

Define long term memory

Answer 17

A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 18

In order, list Atkinson-Shiffrin’s processing model

Answer 18

External event, sensory input, sensory memory, encoding, short term memory, encoding, long term memory

Question 19

When short term goes to long term it has to ___

Answer 19

Encode

Question 20

When long term goes to short term it has to ___

Answer 20

Retrieve

Question 21

What are the two ways of encoding

Answer 21

Effortful and automatic

Question 22

Define attention

Answer 22

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Question 23

Encoding usually requires what

Answer 23

Attention

Question 24

What is the role of attention

Answer 24

Acts like a filter that screens out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to pass through into unconscious memory

Question 25

How many attention-consuming tasks can the brain handle at one time

Answer 25

One

Question 26

Automatic processing includes

Answer 26

Unconscious and implicit

Question 27

What is unconscious memory

Answer 27

Coding of incidental information and of well learned information

Question 28

What is an implicit memory

Answer 28

A memory not known to exist

Question 29

Can we learn automatic processing

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What is the Stroop Effect

Answer 30

The automation of reading, where the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word

Question 31

Define effortful encoding

Answer 31

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 32

What are the two parts of effortful encoding

Answer 32

Explicit memory and rehearsal

Question 33

What are explicit memories

Answer 33

Past experiences that are unconsciously brought to mind

Question 34

What is rehearsal

Answer 34

The conscious repetition of information

Question 35

Why do we rehears memories

Answer 35

To encode it for storage

Question 36

When and who studied memory by using nonsense syllables, sandwiching a vowel between two constants

Answer 36

Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850-1909

Question 37

True or False: the amount of remembrance depends on the time spent learning

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What is overlearning

Answer 38

Rehearsal of information beyond the point where it has been learned

Question 39

Overlearning increases __

Answer 39

Retention

Question 40

What is the next in line effect

Answer 40

When we are next in line we focus on our own performance and forget the preformance(s) before us

Question 41

What is the serial position effect

Answer 41

The tendency to best remember the first and last items in the list

Question 42

The ability to recall items at the beginning of the list

Answer 42

Primary effect

Question 43

The ability to recall items near the end of the list

Answer 43

Recency effect

Question 44

Another word for visual encoding

Answer 44

Structural encoding

Question 45

Relatively shallow processing

Answer 45

Visual encoding

Question 46

Encoding the image or structure of the physical stimulus

Answer 46

Visual encoding

Question 47

Another word for acoustic encoding

Answer 47

Phonemic encoding

Question 48

The encoding of sound

Answer 48

Acoustic encoding

Question 49

Simply, what is semantic encoding

Answer 49

Deeper processing

Question 50

The encoding of meaning

Answer 50

Semantic encoding

Question 51

What is the self relevance effect

Answer 51

Enhancing semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant

Question 52

The deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Answer 52

Levels of processing theory

Question 53

What are the two parts of enriching encoding

Answer 53

Elaboration and dual-coding theory

Question 54

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Answer 54

Elaboration

Question 55

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual coded since either can lead or recall

Answer 55

Dual-coding theory

Question 56

Imagery is

Answer 56

Mental images

Question 57

What is rosy retrospection

Answer 57

The tendency to remember events more favorably than when they first occured

Question 58

Mnemonic devices are

Answer 58

Memory aids

Question 59

Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories

Answer 59

Hierarchies

Question 60

What is the method of Loci

Answer 60

Associating items with imaginary places