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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Things You Got Wrong > Flashcards

Things You Got Wrong Flashcards

1
Q

Which therapies are associated with/based on classical conditioning?

A

flooding, implosion, systematic desensitization, and conditioned aversion

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2
Q

Which therapies are associated with/based on operant conditioning?

A

contingency management, behavioural contract, time-out, Premack principle

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3
Q

flooding

A

forcing client to directly experience the feared object

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4
Q

implosion

A

forcing the client to imagine the feared object

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5
Q

cognitive-physiological theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion

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6
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

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7
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

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8
Q

Jung’s archetypes

A

anima, animus, persona, shadow

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9
Q

two-point threshold

A

amount of distance between two pins necessary for each to be perceived as a distinct sensation - just noticeable difference

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10
Q

congruence

A

Carl Rogers; goal of psychotherapy was congruence between who one is and one’s ego ideal

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11
Q

self-actualization, choice, peak experiences

A

Maslow

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12
Q

death wish

A

Freud; not supported by psychologists

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13
Q

nomothetic vs. idiographic approach to personality theory

A

Nomothetic is group and societal norms, idiographic is individual case studies (Allport)

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14
Q

Adler

A

need for superiority & inferiority complex

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15
Q

Bem

A

androgyny

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16
Q

Lewin

A

field theory; field dependence and field independence; personality can be divided dynamically into ever-changing regions so boundaries can be fluid or rigid

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17
Q

field dependence

A

more influenced by environmental factors and the perceptions of others

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18
Q

two-sided communication

A

communication that includes arguments both for and against a position

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19
Q

Type I error

A

rejection of a true null hypothesis

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20
Q

most sensitive to outliers

A

mean

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21
Q

telegraphic speech

A

children frequently omit words or word endings

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22
Q

four components of language

A

phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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23
Q

Hering

A

opponent process theory

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24
Q

Helmholtz

A

trichromatic theory as well as place theory

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25
place theory
Helmholtz and Young
26
Kandel
study of aplysia, found that as they learned new behavioural responses, their neural pathways underwent related changes
27
left brain in right handed people
language comprehension and production, logic
28
right brain of right handed people
musical ability, spatial ability, mathematical and artistics abilities
29
rational emotive therapy
Albert Ellis; form of CBT
30
Winnicott
object relations therapy; centered around analyst or patient as an object
31
abreaction
Freudian term - uncovering and discharge of a repressed emotion
32
Wolpe
systematic desensitization
33
von Frisch
honeybees
34
equity theory
we expect to be rewarded for good behaviour and punished for poor or negligent behaviour
35
techniques of Freudian therapy
free association, dream interpretation, analysis of transference, analysis of resistance
36
where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
37
Oedipal conflict resolution
phallic stage
38
social facilitation theory
Zajonc; learning a relatively easy task is enhanced when in the presence of others
39
Guilford
divergent and convergent thinking
40
Eysenck
dimensional approach to personality centering on variation along certain major traits: stability-instability and introversion-extroversion
41
Mischel
critic of trait theories as they don't take into account situations
42
Ainsworth types of attachment
secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant
43
tendency to attribute one's feelings and thoughts to an external object
projection
44
What kind of stimuli increase conformity?
ambiguous
45
main thing to remember about Piaget and intelligence
assimilation and accommodation are necessary for development of intelligence
46
Emmett's Law
the farther away the object, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object
47
concurrent validity
criterion measure is obtained at about the same time as the test score
48
primary process
forming a mental image of the desired object in order to satisfy the desire for that object; works to resolve tension created by the pleasure principle
49
subjective properties of sound
loudness, pitch, timbre
50
physical properties of sound
frequency, amplitude
51
McClelland and Rumelhart
parallel distributed processing
52
beginnings of true thought
marks the beginning of preoperational (child has begun to acquire the ability to make internal representations and symbolizations of external objects)
53
interposition
depth cue; images on retina are two dimensional but we perceive three dimensions. Image on retina contains certain cues about depth
54
Olds and Milner
electrodes in septal nuclei; rats can electrically stimulate septal nuclei which is very pleasurable
55
Galton
individual differences
56
dual code hypothesis
concrete information is encoded into memory both visually and verbally; abstract information is encoded into memory only verbally
57
Paivio
dual code hypothesis
58
hypothetico-deductive method
scientists first define and formulate their hypotheses, perform experiments to test, and interpret results
59
confabulation
filling in of gaps in memory with distorted, fanciful material (symptom of Korsakoff's)
60
unconscious process associated with transference
displacement
61
the thicker the myelin sheath...
the faster the conduction
62
how to calculate IQ
divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
63
clinical method
case study method; developmental psychologists look at small number of people in depth
64
social facilitation
Zajonc; in presence of others, performance of correct responses improves only in dominant responses (when you know what you're doing)
65
Turner's syndrome
females with only one X chromosome (XO); failure to develop secondary sex characteristics
66
Klinefelter's syndrome
males who possess an extra X chromosome; sterility and intellectually disabled
67
Herman Witkin
relationship between personality and how person perceives the world
68
process vs. reactive schizophrenia
lengthy prodromal phase vs. brief prodromal phase
69
long-term memory is organized how?
semantically, not phonetically
70
volley principle
high rates of neural firing can be maintained if nerve fibers work together
71
Wever and Bray
volley principle
72
frequency theory
basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in response to incoming stimulation, and rate of vibration equals frequency of the stimulus
73
autoshaping
the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by reinforcing exact segments of behavior
74
categorical perception
the ability to ignore differences in sound that do not denote differences in meaning while attending to those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning
75
shadowing
repeat one of the messages heard in dichotic listening tasks
76
latent learning
learning that is present but not visible or revealed through behaviour; depends on distinction between learning and performance
77
social exchange theory
person weighs rewards and costs of interacting with another person; the more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the person
78
equity theory
consider other person's costs and rewards and want our ratio to be similar to theirs
79
Kelly
the fundamental characteristics of human personality was that people need to know and control their environment

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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