Social Psychology

Question 1

Norman Triplett

Answer 1

first social psychology study (effect of competition on performance). People perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than when alone.

Question 2

William McDougall and E. H. Ross

Answer 2

First social psychology textbooks

Question 3

Verplank

Answer 3

direction of the conversation depends on feedback from others

Question 4

Reinforcement theory

Answer 4

behaviour is motivated by anticipated rewards

Question 5

Albert Bandura is mostly closely associated with which theory?

Answer 5

Social learning theory: behaviour is learned through imitation

Question 6

Role theory

Answer 6

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill; much of observable behaviour can be attributed to these roles

Question 7

What are consistency theories?

Answer 7

people prefer consistency over all else

Question 8

balance theory

Answer 8

Fritz Heider; two people and a third person OR thing OR idea must be in balance

Question 9

How can you quickly tell if something is balanced or not in balance theory?

Answer 9

If there are zero or two positive signs, i.e. three dislikes or two likes it is unbalanced. If there are one or three positives, it is balanced.

Question 10

free-choice (dissonant situation)

Answer 10

occurs when a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

Question 11

forced-compliance dissonance

Answer 11

when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs or attitudes

Question 12

minimal justification effect

Answer 12

when external justification is limited, so you reduce dissonance by changing something internally

Question 13

Daryl Bem

Answer 13

self-perception theory (alternative to cognitive dissonance)

Question 14

self-perception theory

Answer 14

people infer attitudes based upon observation of their own behaviour

Question 15

overjustification effect

Answer 15

when you reward people for something they already like doing, they might stop liking it

Question 16

Carl Hovland

Answer 16

proposed a model to understand how attitudes change in response to persuasion

Question 17

Components of persuasion

Answer 17

communicator, communication, situation

Question 18

According to Hovland, what is most effective to change attitudes?

Answer 18

A credible source (expert, trustworthy),

Question 19

sleeper effect

Answer 19

credible source becomes less persuasive over time will a low credible source becomes more persuasive

Question 20

How can you increase credibility?

Answer 20

Argue against your own self-interest

Question 21

Petty and Cacioppo

Answer 21

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral route)

Question 22

William McGuire

Answer 22

analogy of inoculation against diseases (to resist persuasion)

Question 23

cultural truism

Answer 23

beliefs that are seldom questioned

Question 24

reactance

Answer 24

when X tries too hard to persuade Y of something, Y feels their freedom is threatened and will choose to believe opposite of your position

Question 25

three principles of social comparison theory

Answer 25

(1) we prefer to evaluate ourselves by objective means. if not available, we compare to other (2) we don't usually compare ourselves to those dissimilar from us (3) when there is discrepancy, we change to affiliate with group

Question 26

Stanley Schacter

Answer 26

greater anxiety --> greater desire to affiliate

Question 27

reciprocity hypothesis

Answer 27

we like people who indicate that they like us

Question 28

gain-loss principle

Answer 28

Aronson and Linder; evaluation that changes has greater impact than one that doesn't change

Question 29

opposites attract?

Answer 29

need complementarity - people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs

Question 30

Robert Zajonc

Answer 30

mere exposure hypothesis - repeated exposure to stimulus increases liking for it also conducted robber's cave experiment

Question 31

Kitty Genovese

Answer 31

diffusion of responsibility and social influence

Question 32

John Darley and Bibb Latane

Answer 32

bystander intervention

Question 33

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 33

a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it.

Question 34

Batson

Answer 34

empathy-altruism model

Question 35

empathy-altruism model

Answer 35

when X needs help, Y might feel distress and/or empathy

Question 36

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 36

aggression is a result of frustration

Question 37

social learning theory

Answer 37

aggression is learned through modeling or reinforcement (it is selectively reinforced i.e. expect a reward for acting aggressively)

Question 38

autokinetic effect

Answer 38

a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.

Question 39

Muzafer Sherif

Answer 39

autokinetic effect - conformity

Question 40

Solomon Asch

Answer 40

conformity - line experiment

Question 41

Stanley Milgram

Answer 41

obedience/conformity through shocks - 2/3 obedient

Question 42

foot in the door effect

Answer 42

compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with a larger request

Question 43

door in the face effect

Answer 43

those who refuse larger request more likely to agree to a later smaller one

Question 44

Clark and Clark

Answer 44

doll preference study - white and black children preferred the white doll over black doll (1947; outdated now)

Question 45

What did Bandura say about self-efficacy?

Answer 45

important component of social cognitive theory. People high in it put more effort into challenging tasks

Question 46

Fritz Heider

Answer 46

attribution theory

Question 47

attribution theory

Answer 47

tendency for people to infer causes of other people's behaviour (dispositional vs. situational)

Question 48

fundamental attribution error

Answer 48

tend to make dispositional attributions about what causes other people's behaviour

Question 49

halo effect

Answer 49

general impression about X influences more specific impressions about X

Question 50

M. J. Lerner

Answer 50

belief in a just world

Question 51

Theodore Newcomb

Answer 51

influence of group norms - women in liberal college became more liberal year by year despite conservative backgrounds

Question 52

Edward Hall

Answer 52

cultural norms govern how far away we stand from the people we're speaking to

Question 53

What did Zajonc say about group influences?

Answer 53

presence of others increases arousal and enhances the emission of dominant responses

Question 54

Irving Janis

Answer 54

groupthink & how group decisions go awry

Question 55

groupthink

Answer 55

tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

Question 56

risky shift

Answer 56

group decisions are riskier than the average of the inidividual choices

Question 57

value hypothesis

Answer 57

explains risky shift by suggesting that it occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued

Question 58

James Stoner

Answer 58

found that group decisions tended toward caution, not risk (so shift may depend on nature of dilemma)

Question 59

extremity shifts

Answer 59

group decisions tend to be more extreme, not necessarily risky.

Question 60

explanation for extremity shifts

Answer 60

group polarization: tendency for group discussion to enhance group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

Question 61

Kurt Lewin

Answer 61

leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire

Question 62

Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 62

experiment conducted on two groups of boys at camp to better understand cooperation and competition. Found that superordinate goals are most effective in reducing hostility between two groups (goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation

Question 63

Eagly

Answer 63

gender differences in conformity are due to differing social roles

Question 64

Hovland

Answer 64

attitude change