Developmental Psychology Flashcards
father of developmental psychology
G. Stanley Hall
Arnold Gesell
nativist developmental psychologist; development is mostly biologically based and developmental blueprint exists from birth
What did Piaget think about developmental psychology?
children are actively involved in their own development
R. C. Tyron
tested rats on maze-running skills, divided into three groups based on skill level, bred them to create hyper maze bright rats and hyper maze dull rats
Lewis Terman
studied children with high IQs; large scale longitudinal study
phenylketonuria
genetic disorder resulting when enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine is lacking
Klinefelter’s syndrome
possession of an extra C chromosome in males; causes sterility and intellectual disability
Turner’s syndrome
only one X chromosome in females; failure to develop secondary sex characteristics
stages of prenatal development
zygote, germinal period (implantation), embyonic period (eight weeks after germinal), fetal (3rd month)
rooting reflex
infants turn when cheek is stroked
Moro reflex
infants react to abrupt movements of their head by flinging out their arms
Babinski reflex
infants’ toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated
grasping reflex
infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands
What are some key ideas that Piaget came up with?
schemata, adaptation (assimilation and accommodation), four stages of cognitive development
schemata
organized patterns of behaviour and or thought. Infants develop behavioural schemata (action tendencies: and older children develop operational schemata (abstract representation of cognition)
assimilation
process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata
accommodation
occurs when new information doesn’t fit into existing schemata so existing schemata need to be modified to adapt to new information
stages of cognitive development in order
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor
birth to 2 years old; primary and secondary circular reactions; no object permanence
preoperational
2 to 7 years; object permanence achieved; centration (focus on only one part of a phenomenon); egocentrism (no theory of mind); no conservation
concrete operational
7 to 11 years; conservation achieved; formal operations (form hypotheses and make deductions)
What did Piaget say about language?
how we use it depends on which cognitive stage we are in - development of thought directs development of language
criticism of Piaget
used case studies (clinical method)
Leo Vygotsky
zone of proximal development; culture shapes development
zone of proximal development
skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development
four components of language
phonology, semantics, syntax, phonemes
Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols
all children begin to babble at the same time, but for deaf children they stop soon after they start and hearing children continue to babble until a year old
holophrasis
stage when toddlers use a single word (holophrase) to express a complete thought
errors of growth
children learn vocabulary rapidly, but they make more grammatical errors
age when language is substantially mastered
5
Chomsky
transformational grammar; language acquisition device
critical vs. sensitive period of language development
it’s probably sensitive (case of abused girl Genier who had no contact from 2-13; able to learn some aspects of syntax but not others)
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development in order
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Erik Erikson
psychosocial theory - development is a sequence of central life crises where development occurs through resolution of conflicts between needs and social demands
Eight stages of Erik Erikson’s development theory
(1) trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
(2) autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3 years)
(3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)
(4) industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years)
(5) identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
(6) intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
(7) generativity vs. stagnation (middle age)
(8) integrity vs. despair (old age)
features of temperament
somewhat heritable, emerges during infancy, stable over time pervasive across situations
Thomas and Chess
three categories of temperament in babies: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult
Jerome Kagan
temperament is strong predictor of adult behaviours
Peter Wolff
three kinds of crying: basic cry (hungry), angry cry (frustration), pain cry
Harlow
rhesus monkeys - babies preferred the cloth “mother” over the feeding mother
Bowlby
attachment theory
phases of attachment
(1) infant reacts the same to each face
(2) infant discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar faces
(3) 6 months - infant seeks out and responds specifically to mother
(4) 9 to 12 months - stranger anxiety
(5) 2nd year - separation anxiety (doesn’t like being away from mother
(6) 3rd year - separation anxiety resolved
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation procedure to examine attachment styles. identified insecure/avoidant attachment, secure attachment, insecure/resistant attachment
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting
Kohlberg
three phases of moral development & three stages of self-socialization
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in order?
(1) preconventional morality (punishment and reward)
(2) conventional phase of morality (social rules)
(3) post conventional morality (social contract - greater good and universal ethics)
Criticism of Kohlberg
Gilligan - males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues. Kohlberg only studies males. Gilligan argued that females were concerned more with caring, compassion, relationships, and social responsibilities
Kohlberg’s gender stages
(1) gender labeling; 2-3 years old; I am a girl/boy (2) gender stability; 3-4; I will be a girl/boy when older (3) gender consistency; 4-7; permanency of gender
Martin & Halverson
gender schematic processing theory - once labeling occurs, child pay more attention to the gender they’ve labelled themselves as
Diana Baumrind
parental style and discipline: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive
