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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Physiological Psychology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

phrenology

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

first to study functions of major sections of the brain

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3
Q

ablation/extirpation

A

parts of the brain are removed and behavioural consequences are observed

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4
Q

William James

A

functionalism; link between physiology and emotional experience

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5
Q

John Dewey

A

functionalism

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6
Q

Johannes Muller

A

law of specific nerve energies

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7
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy, and the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy

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8
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

measured the speed of a nerve impulse & credited with transitioning psychology into the field of natural sciences

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9
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

inferred the existence of synapses (but thought it was electrical, not chemical)

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10
Q

afferent neurons vs efferent neurons

A

sensory vs. motor

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11
Q

interneurons

A

located predominantly in CNS, linked to reflexive behaviour

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12
Q

Describe how the peripheral nervous system is divided

A

somatic and autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

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13
Q

Walter Cannon

A

pioneering work on autonomic nervous system; homeostasis

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14
Q

resting and digesting

A

parasympathetic nervous system; acetylcholine

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15
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system (“I am sympathetic to your flight”); increase in heart rate, blood sugar, respiratin, decrease in digestion; adrenaline

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16
Q

hindbrain

A

vital functioning necessary for survival; where brain and spinal cord meet

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17
Q

midbrain

A

receives sensory and motor information

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18
Q

forebrain

A

emotion and memory; complex processes; greatest impact on human behavior

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19
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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20
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing

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21
Q

alcohol impairs which brain structure?

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal, alertness, and attention

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23
Q

superior colliculus

A

nuclei of midbrain that receives visual sensory input; SEEING (Superior)

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24
Q

inferior colliculus

A

nuclei of midbrain that receives auditory sensory input; reaction to sudden noises

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25
thalamus
forebrain structure; relay station (receives incoming impulses and sorts them to the correct structure)
26
hypothalamus
homeostatic functions, aggression, sexual behaviours, hormones, autonomic nervous system, drive behaviours
27
osmoregulation
maintenance of water balance by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
28
lateral hypothalamus
hunger center; Lacking Hunger (lesions; aphagia)
29
ventromedial hypothalamus
satiety centre; Very Hungry (lesions; hyperphagia)
30
anterior hypothalamus
sexual activity; Asexuality (lesions)
31
large ventricles are seen in which disorder
symptoms of schizophrenia, social withdrawal, flat affect, catatonic states
32
limbic system
2nd area of brain to evolve; septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
33
James Olds and Peter Milner
septal nuclei - when stimulated, results in intense pleasure and sexual arousal
34
septal rage
vicious aggressive behaviour resulting from damage to the septal nuclei
35
Kluver and Bucy
linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behaviours in monkeys
36
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
changes in animals resulting from bilateral removal of the amygdala
37
Brenda Milner
study of H.M.'s memory problems
38
regions of frontal lobe
prefrontal lobe (executive functioning) and motor cortex
39
association area
combines input from diverse brain regions; larger than projection areas in humans
40
projection area
receives incoming sensory information and sends out motor impulse commands
41
Broca's area
usually only found in dominant hemisphere; speech production; in frontal lobe
42
Hubel and Wiesel
visual perception; single cell recording
43
Wernicke's area
in temporal lobe; language perception and comprehension; located in dominant hemisphere
44
Dominant hemisphere
analytic and detailed; language, logic, math, language production and comprehension
45
Nondominant hemisphere
emotional tone of language, intuition, creativity, music, spatial processing
46
Sperry and Gazzaniga
corpus callosum severing in epileptic patients (SPerry and SPlit brain)
47
terminal buttons
end of axon that contains sacs that are filled with neurotransmitters
48
glial cells
insulate axons with myelin sheath
49
diff between dendrites and axons
dendrites are not myelinated (most axons are); can regenerate and branching can change (axons are stable and cannot regenerate); dendrites receive information and axons communicate it
50
neural conduction within neuron vs. between neurons
electrical vs. chemical
51
resting membrane potential
slight negative charge stored inside neuron's cell membrane (-70 mV)
52
describe the distribution of sodium and potassium ions during resting potential
Outside: positive sodium ions (more) Inside: positive potassium ions (less than sodium) AND negatively charged proteins So overall inside is more negative compared to outside (polarized)
53
describe depolarization
when a stimulus is significant enough to cause membrane's potential to increase to -50 mV
54
describe the action potential spike
when inside of membrane hits -50 mV, action potential is initiated when voltage-gated sodium channels open and allow sodium ions into the cell, changing inside of cell to a positive charge (about 35 mV)
55
repolarization
positively charged potassium ions rush outside the cell, and inside becomes negative once more
56
hyperpolarization
period when the membrane overshoots original negative charge of -70 mV
57
refractory period
neuron cannot fire until action potential finishes
58
absolute refractory
corresponds with depolarization, neuron cannot respond to additional stimuli
59
relative refractory
corresponds with repolarization
60
acetylcholine
nerve impulses to muscles; linked to Alzheimer's
61
catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine --> emotions
62
norepinephrine
alertness, wakefulness, implicated in depression and mania
63
dopamine
movement, posture, basal ganglia
64
GABA
produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
65
neuromodulators/neuropeptides
slow and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell; endorphins are these
66
tricyclic ADs
facilitate transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at synapse (block reuptake of monoamines)
67
antipsychotics mechanism of action
mostly block receptor sites for dopamine and make it difficult to bind to postsynaptic membrane
68
master gland of endocrine system
pituitary gland, specifically the anterior pituitary gland
69
Which hormone is associated with ovulation?
luteinizing hormone
70
estrogen
maturation and release of egg or ovum from ovary
71
progesterone
prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg
72
Wilder Penfield
first to use electrical stimulation to map out areas on brain's surface
73
A. R. Luria
study of neuropsychological disorders
74
Wernicke's aphasia
damage to Wernicke's area resulting in difficulty in understanding language
75
Broca's aphasia
damage to Broca's area resulting in difficult in producing language
76
agnosia
problems in perceptual recognition
77
apraxia
impairment in organization of motor action
78
brain waves when awake
beta (awake and doing things) and alpha (relaxed with eyes closed)
79
sleep stage 1
short bursts of alpha waves
80
sleep stage 2
theta waves and K complexes
81
sleep stage 3
delta waves (Deep sleep)
82
sleep stage 4
deepest sleep, delta at slowest and sleep spindles at steepest
83
BAT-D
sequential order of brain waves (BAT sleeps during the Day)
84
infants spend more time in what kind of sleep
REM
85
REM sleep
eyes moving, brain waves look like beta waves but muscle tone is relaxed
86
James-Lange theory of emotion
we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions to some external event
87
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
bodily changes and emotions occur at the same time
88
Schacter-Singer theory of emotion
two-factor theory; individual's appraisal of the situation determines the interpretation

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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