Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Titchener

Answer 1

structuralism

Question 2

structuralism

Answer 2

break consciousness down into specific mental structures using introspection

Question 3

reactions to structuralism

Answer 3

functionalism, behaviourism, and Gestalt psychology

Question 4

method of savings

Answer 4

after memorizing a list, compare the number of times you have to read the list to rememorize it

Question 5

processes of memory

Answer 5

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 6

generation-recognition model

Answer 6

explains why we’re better at recognition than recall because recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition

Question 7

words presented ____ of a list are remembered best

Answer 7

last

Question 8

clustering

Answer 8

when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category

Question 9

stage theory of memory

Answer 9

memories enter systems in a specific order: sensory, short-term, long-term

Question 10

other words for visual memory and auditory memory

Answer 10

iconic memory and echoic memory

Question 11

whole-report procedure

Answer 11

subjects asked to look for a fraction of a second at a visual display of nine items and asked to recall them after; remembered four on average

Question 12

partial-report procedure

Answer 12

same as whole but subjects asked to recall letters on a specific row; had nearly perfect recall (Sperling)

Question 13

George Miller

Answer 13

Seven plus or minus two

Question 14

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

organizing the material and associating it with information you already have in long-term memory

Question 15

types of long-term memory

Answer 15

procedural and declarative (further split into semantic and episodic)

Question 16

short-term memory encoding

Answer 16

tends to be phonological or acoustic rather than visual

Question 17

long-term memory encoding

Answer 17

more likely to be encoded on the basis of their meaning

Question 18

semantic verification task

Answer 18

subject asked to indicate whether or not a simple statement presented is true or false; time to answer is called response latency

Question 19

Collins and Loftus

Answer 19

spreading activation model

Question 20

spreading activation model

Answer 20

semantic memory organized into map of interconnected concepts; key is the distance between the concepts

Question 21

semantic feature-comparison model

Answer 21

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts

Question 22

Smith, Shoben, and Rips

Answer 22

semantic feature-comparison model

Question 23

competing theory against semantic feature-comparison model

Answer 23

levels-of-processing theory/depth of processing theory: what determines how you will remember something is how you process the material (deeper processing = greater likelihood of remembering)

Question 24

Craik and Lockhart

Answer 24

depth of processing theory

Question 25

Paivio's dual-code hypothesis

Answer 25

information can be encoded visually (concrete information) and verbally (abstract information)

Question 26

decay theory

Answer 26

if info in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will be forgotten

Question 27

inhibition theory

Answer 27

forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and later recall

Question 28

proactive inhibition

Answer 28

what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later

Question 29

retroactive inhibition

Answer 29

when you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new

Question 30

Bartlett

Answer 30

prior knowledge and expectations influence recall (War of the Ghosts; people reconstructed story in line with their own culture)

Question 31

Zeigarnik effect

Answer 31

tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

Question 32

mental set

Answer 32

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

Question 33

functional fixedness

Answer 33

inability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way

Question 34

divergent thinking

Answer 34

thinking that involves producing as many creative answers to a question as possible

Question 35

Kahneman and Tversky

Answer 35

heuristics

Question 36

availability heuristic

Answer 36

making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to imagine the items involved

Question 37

representativeness heuristic

Answer 37

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

Question 38

base-rate fallacy

Answer 38

using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous e.g. "Only 6% of applicants make it into this school, but my son is brilliant! They are certainly going to accept him!"

Question 39

phoneme

Answer 39

smallest sound unit of language

Question 40

morpheme

Answer 40

smallest units of Meaning (Morpheme)

Question 41

when does language develop according to cognitive developmental theorists?

Answer 41

end of the sensorimotor period and continues to develop according to their cognitive level

Question 42

Three important concepts associated with Chomsky

Answer 42

deep and surface grammatical structure & transformational rules

Question 43

surface structure

Answer 43

actual word order of the words in a sentence

Question 44

deep structure

Answer 44

underlying form that specifies the meaning of a sentence

Question 45

transformational rules

Answer 45

tell us how we can change from one sentence form to another

Question 46

Benjamin Whorf

Answer 46

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 47

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 47

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language (language affects the way we think)

Question 48

Spearman

Answer 48

individual differences in intelligence are due to variations in the amount of a general factor (g); second factor that describes individual differences is called s

Question 49

Thurstone

Answer 49

seven primary mental abilities

Question 50

Sternberg

Answer 50

triarchic theory of intelligence: componential (performance on tests), experiential (creativity), and contextual (street smarts)

Question 51

Gardner

Answer 51

theory of multiple intelligences (seven)

Question 52

Raymond Cattell

Answer 52

fluid vs. crystalized intelligence

Question 53

Arthur Jensen

Answer 53

intelligence as measured by IQ tests is purely genetic